SECTION 4---ADVANCED CIVILIZATIONS

IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE BEFORE WHITE INVASIONS

Central and Southern Civilizations 

          Dating from 3000bc to the time of European invasions in 1500ad, classes developed in Olmec, Zapotec, Maya, Incas, and Aztec societies for the same reason that they developed throughout the world; namely, societies developed surpluses.  In charge of that surplus were the men who seized control of the material force necessary to lay claim to ownership of it.  These indigenous Chechimecan men became the initial ruling classes.  Chiefs, priests, kings, warriors, and noblemen ruled peasants (usefully called slaves) and artisans through labor conscription, tribute, and taxation.^[14] 

          This type of forced labor production was only slightly different in magnitude from that which was practiced throughout the world in that particular period in history.  In general, regular corvee's (mit'a) worked the intensive agricultural irrigation systems throughout what came to be re-named Central and South America.  Workers labored in mines.  Peasants herded royal alpaca and llama.  Construction workers built roads, monuments and temples.  All of this social production was organized around advanced forms of irrigation-based (hydraulic) technology, which included an extensive system of rivers, permanent crop rotation, fertilization, and an intricate system of dams and canals.  As a result, the primary means of transportation was not land travel, but was river travel.

          Social development in this region has its own level of relativity, given a different form and content of productive forces employed by the Asian populations that had migrated to and settled into these areas.  Class societies greatly differed in stage of social productive development, some with highly developed productive forces, while others were at a marginal subsistence level.  Over a period of 2500 years, there were over 250 distinct languages spoken in the areas of Mexico including the great Valley of Mexico, the Valley of Oaxaca on up to the San Lorenzo plateau.  Cultures were highly advanced and had their own natural cycles of ascendancy and decadency, birth and death, waxing and waning.  But always, this process of birth and death of civilization in the Central Mexicans region was toward ultimate development of indigenous societies.

          In Meso-America, beginning approximately 2000bc, the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Zapotec and Inca hydraulic modes of production could be compared with Mesopotamian, Greek, and Roman slave-based modes of production in labor organization, productive output, architectural complexity, and social development.  Technically, in terms of civil engineering, construction, architectural production, and labor organization---ancient Inca, Aztec, and Maya civilizations were more advanced than those of southern Europe.  By 2000bc, England was a series of caves, with its inhabitants thawing out from the residual affects of the final glaciation, the Wumen.  The conditions were harsh in northern Europe.  Northern Europeans had built nothing of significance to civilization by 300 ad.

          The fact that the Europeans came from behind in terms of social development often gets overlooked in the modern fabrications of innate white superiority in the world.  But what were the Germanic tribes doing before 400bc?  What were the Anglo-Saxons doing?  Nothing close to being civilized.  They lived in caves; ate raw meat; could barely bury their dead, often choosing to burn them.  They were doing nothing that would distinguish them from any other primitive communal society.  Any question of innate superiority would be moot if white populations were placed under close scrutiny in comparison to Africans, Asians, and indigenous Central Mexican cira. 4000bc to 1000ad. 

Olmec Civilization

          Long before the carving up of North America by the Europeans, Mexico was composed of territory and populations reaching into the center of the North American continent, including Texas, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, Oklahoma stretching as far as La Plat and Canada.  Mexico was the center of the first class societies in North America.  Although hundreds of culturally, politically, and linguistically indigenous civilizations developed (such as the Sumu, Tlaxcallan, Tarascan, Paya, Muisca, Nazca, Tupian, Criban, Tucanoan, Sabtarem, and the Chorotega) in what became called Central America, we can only highlight the most influential. 

          Approximately 1500bc, Olmec culture merged and began to develop around the southern part of the Gulf of Mexico, stretching out across the Isthmus of Tehuantepac into the lowlands of the southern Gulf Coast.  From 1200bc to 950bc the center of Olmec civilization and the core of its population was situated in what is now called San Lorenzo.  Sculpted Olmec heads, some more than ten feet tall and weighing as much as twenty tons, (all in the image of Africans) stand as testimony to a fusion of African and indigenous peoples in Central Mexico over 2500 years before the white genocidal siege that destroyed both African civilizations in Africa, and indigenous civilizations in the Western Hemisphere.  Olmec culture, therefore, is a hybrid, a merging of African and indigenous Chechicmecan populations based on the conditions present in Central America.

          Important remnants of Olmec^[15]civilization were transplanted from ancient Africa, primarily KMT.  It was a merger of migrating Africans from the Sudanic region in Northeast Africa with indigenous populations that already inhabited the marshy river region in the lowlands off the southern coast of Mexico and expanding up to the area inclusive of the Valley of Oaxaca.  Olmecs constructed massive pyramids, sculpted huge monuments, farmed extensively utilizing advanced irrigation techniques, and mastered regions whose period flooding created marshy land but some of the richest agricultural soil in ancient Mexico. 

          Olmec civilization influencedearly indigenous Chechimecan (later called American societies by whites), but did not determinethem.  Olmecs (Africans who migrated to Central America 2400 years before the white invasions beginning with Columbus in 1492) were actually fused into the larger indigenous Chechimecan  populations in a process of centuries of cross-breeding and socio-cultural integration.  This is nothing new.  Population migrations, transplantations, and social fusions have taken place for as long as hominid have been in existence. What was unique, however, is that this fusion (merger) of Central Mexican and a small ship-wrecked African population, although fairly short-lived, occurred over two thousand years before the fission (explosive destruction) of Central Mexican societies by whites from Spain, which resulted in the pillage of indigenous Mexican advanced civilizations and their replacement with "Latin" white American culture.^[16]

          Much was lost.  At La Venta, the 3,500,000 cubic feet in volume Great Pyramid of the Olmec stands as a testimony to the advanced labor organization, engineering, and construction capabilities of this civilization.  Trade was extensive, spread out across what is now called Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Guatemala.  The Olmec farmed, produced advanced art works, developed advanced skills in masonry, and created mass sport, and recreation games that were advanced even for modern times.

Maya Civilization

          The Mayans, who inhabited the Yucatan's peninsula, had highly developed societies in 100ad that (1) lasted over 1000 years, (2) governed over 60 independent states and (3) stretched over an area of more than 120,000 square miles.  At its height, the total Mayan population could have reached 15,000,000 for the Yucatan peninsula alone. Hundreds of cities such as Palenque, Copan, Tula, Chichen Itza, and Kaminaljuyu dart the vast landscape that includes the present day regions of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador, and extending into the southern Mexican area of the Yucatan region. 

          Huge Mayan populations were supported by extraordinary agricultural production based on advanced hydro-irrigation farming techniques.  Population densities in Maya cities therefore could reach up to 700 people per square mile.  In each of these large, densely populated Mayan cities there were priests, nobility, peasants, and slaves, pointing to the fact that class ownership of the economy had already formalized itself, as was the case in other parts of the world.  Confederation of city states ruled by kings at Tikai, took place in what is now Guatemala, Palenque, Uxmal, and Chichen Itza in Mexico, Honduras, and Copan. 

          All of these cities were highlighted by vibrant architectural works, monuments, art, advanced writing systems, elaborate irrigation systems, and majestic gardens.  In addition, there was a differentiated division of labor: a core intelligentsia of arithmeticians, astronomers, engineers, sculptors, architects, priests, and philosophers.  Urban planning commissions designed cities in the center of forests.  Schools, huge temples, architecture, and paved roads utilized smoothly carved stones that were precisely laid in elaborate detail.  In sum, all of the necessary ingredients of what became called Central American civilization were evolving, such as stelae and monuments commemorating rulers and their reigns, the hieroglyphic writing system, a complex notation of calendrical calculations, towns, and cities.  This was an indigenous evolutionary process. ^[17]

          By 300ad the Maya had invented an advanced writing system.  In the 16th century, however, Maya manuscripts were collected and burned by Spanish monks.  Then Europeans for centuries spread the lie that indigenous societies in Mexico had not developed the skill of writing.  This technique of cutting the umbilical cord between populations' past and present was to become yet another standard operating procedure for invading whites, as they destroyed not only the people whose land they stole but also the cultural institutions that were the basis of consistent growth of a populations' unique social identity.

Aztec Civilization

          Maya civilization gave way to Toltec civilization and Toltec gave way to the Mixtecs.  by 1000ad, Toltec hegemonies at Tyula and Chichen Itza gave way to Tepanec hegemony at Azcapotzalco.  Finally, these evolving civilizations established the foundation for the Aztec civilization. 

          This series of culturally advanced societies were developed on a mountain plateau 2000 meters above sea level. By 500ad, there were urban settlements at Monte Alban, cholula,  Comalcalco, Chichen Itza, Coba, Uxmal, Yaxchilan, Copan, and Kaminaljuyu.  Teotihuacan was to become the capitol of this emerging metropolis.  Approximately 25,000,000  people, or the number living in the modern day metropolitan New York City area were settled in the vicinity of the Valley of Mexico at the time of the Spanish invasion in 1492.  At its zenith, Aztec civilization reached over 800 miles to the south of Tenochtitlan into modern day Guatemala.^[18] 

          In the surrounding areas of ancient Mexico, the air was clean and fresh, and the water was sparkling.  Food was plentiful.  The national granaries stored up the accumulated surpluses from which people were fed.  Drinking water came from a system of underground streams and was fed into cities by large aqueduct systems.  The hydraulic technology was revolutionary for this period of time.  Nowhere else in the world were there planned cities with advanced aqueduct systems such as these. The indigenous population was relatively clean, well groomed, and freshly washed on a daily basis. There were long interconnected systems of lakes which were situated high up in the Valley of Mexico that were as comprehensive as modern cities are today.  Over 150,000 small boats of Chechimecans moved up and down this river system each day, engaging in fishing, travel, commerce, trade, government, recreation and national security.  Security matters were significant.  Standardized travel by land and river into the coastal plains of Xoconocho, the Valley of Oaxaca, the Isthmus of Tehuantepec was mandatory for controlling this empire.  Therefore the intricate lake and river networks had to be coordinated for efficient internal security. 

          Around the Lake of the Moon, over 30,000,000 indigenous people lived in communities, towns, and cities.  Hugh dikes were built in the rivers fed from the Lake of the Moon, separating fresh water from salt water and establishing large fresh-water fish ponds. In the middle of the fresh water part of the lake was built a metropolis, called Tenochtitlan, that stood 7000 feet above sea level, and was one of the largest cities in the world at that time.  Tenochtitlan was interconnected with the mainland by three majestic causeways that had been constructed across a mile of open fresh water.  Thousands of floating gardens darted the lake's complex system of canals, rivers, and streams.  More than 70,000 people came each day to trade, buy, and sell such commodities as copper, brass, tin, gold, silver, feathers, food, clothing, shells, firewood, charcoal, chairs, etc.  The division of labor among the skilled trades was advanced: there were scientists, doctors, builders, planners, entertainers, dancers, herbalists, barbers, grocers, medicine men and women.  In the mercantile centers of ancient Mexico, the quantity and quality of commodities, trade, and commerce was five to ten times that of most European cities.  Over 70,000 stucco homes, each with gardens, sweet scented trees, large rooms, servants, and fresh fruit trees were built on the island metropolis of Tenochtitlan.

          In sum, the overall architectural splendor of Central and South American metropolitan cities was unmatched in the world at this time.  Invading murderous whites therefore did not bring civilization to Central America, they destroyed it.  Before the whites came, all of the streets and sidewalks of the city were clean-swept and ordered.  Whereas Aztec weapons of war were underdeveloped, the state apparatus and the organizational bureaucracies of the ancient Aztec, Mayan, and Inca societies, were some of the most advanced in the world, given their efficient means of organizing distribution of the social production to millions of citizens.  Also, many of the long-term work projects, such as urban cities, pyramid complexes, monuments and temples in Aztec societies and the advanced irrigation systems in the Andean regions, were much more advanced than anything that the invading whites from England, Ireland, Germany, France, and Spain had built in that same time-frame.^[19]

          Using the labor of enslaved tribes, the Aztecs drained swamps, turning them into orchards and vegetable gardens crossed by canals.  The capital of the Aztec society was built on an island in the middle of a large lake.  A network of canals, each crossing the other at precisely designated points, formed straight streets.  Along the canals rose temples and houses of the nobility (ruling classes) which were decorated with statues and carpets.  Cultural beauty was evident everywhere.

          Around 300ad, to the east of the great Lake of the Moon and north of the region which produced the Olmec civilization, there developed a major metropolitan city called Teotihuacan. It was situated on top of a massive volcanic area.  At its height in population density, this metropolis contained over 600,000 people, placing it on par with average cities in modern times, and making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in the world in that day.  Teotihuacan engineers meticulously constructed the twenty-story high Pyramid of the Sun, the Pyramid of the Moon, Palace of Xolalpan, and massive paved boulevards which extended for miles and bisected from east to west and from north to south.  The paved street were lit at night.  Teotihuacan also had its Great Pyramids, built in the form of ancient African KMT Great Pyramids.  The Pyramid of the Sun and the Pyramid of the Moon in the Aztec Empire were a combined 40 stories high.  White civilization had not built anything on this scale in its entire history, yet, sick Eurocentric history continues to refer to Aztec civilization as being uncivilized and inferior.  Teotihuacan's spender in architectural design, urban planning and design, art, and stonework was unmatched in any northern European city up until the 18th century Industrial Revolution, a period of over 2100 years.  In other words, the technical know-how of ancient Mexicans in the region of Teotihuacan with respect to architectural design, engineering, and urban planning represented a 2100 year gap in technical achievement in comparison to northern European cities.  But the whites had guns and a genocidal drive to use them.

          The Aztecs, in the manner that the Europeans would later use with them, subjugated neighboring tribes and forced them to labor without compensation.  This is slavery.  This internal class weakness would become the single most important downfall of Aztec civilization because the millions of nonwhites never were able to unite against a common invading white race before it was too late.  In fact, the primary military element in the ability of the boatloads of European invaders to destroy and conquer an entire Aztec Empire was their use of surrounding indigenous American tribes that had been enslaved by the Aztec and were seeking revenge.^[20]  As with all societies which subjugate laborers, surpluses were accumulated by a ruling class, and were used to further build and fortify its rule of masses of peasants, slaves, and basic administrative workers.  Thus, slavery is not endemic to any particular population.  It is determined by the level of productive forces in a society and its hierarchy of labor, wealth, and political-military power. 

Inca Civilization

          The first advanced series of indigenous societies were those evolved in the Andean regions of South America in an area today called Peru.  This formation stretched for over 2000 miles in the steep mountains that rose in the western region of South America.  The core region of Andean civilization can be discerned by 2500bc, when, in a qualitative leap from simple village life, advanced ceremonial centers and urbanized cites sprang up along a 900 mile span of Peruvian coastline and in sections of the central highland. 

          The Incas were the summit of an Andean civilization that was far older and far more sophisticated than ever previously imagined.^[21]

          With an 18,000-mile system of paved roads linking 12 million people over an area that stretched farther than the Roman Empire in its heyday, the Andean Empire was by no means inferior in social production to European societies.^[22]  Every specific sphere of social life, i.e., productive forces, politics, government, law, science, civil engineering, architecture, agriculture, military, morality, religion, etc., has its own particular criteria of development which cannot be oversimplified in order to label one type of "civilization" as inferior or superior to another type.  Military force does, however, allow one population to resort to every savage, barbaric means possible to destroy an advanced society and in many ways reverse the course of its history.  This is exactly what occurred when thieves and conquerors from Europe seized upon Central and South America in the early decades of the 16th century. 

          Thousands of state-owned storehouses, monuments, pyramid complexes, temples, terraced farmlands, and a vast network of irrigation canals were testimony to the advancing Andean forms of society.  The hydraulic modes of production among the Aztecs and Incas allowed for seasonal irrigation permanent transportation, permanent crop rotation, and fertilization, thereby reducing the demand for wheel-based land transportation in many areas.^[23] 

          In sum, thousands of separate Chechimecan tribes and nations inhabited the Western Hemisphere before 1492.  Some nations were small, horticultural, poor, and merely scraping subsistence from the land; while others were large, complex, urban metropolitan centers where over 100,000 people engaged in production, marketing, commerce, architecture, artistry, engineering, religion, and all manners of sport.  Regardless of size, however, indigenous peoples were interwoven by their Asian affinities.  In the process of thousands of years of ascendancy, decline, and ascendancy on a higher level the multiplicity of societies throughout North, South, and Central America would have continued to grow had it not been for the white genocidal sieges on the Western Hemisphere in the 15th century.

SECTION 5---NO SAVAGES AND BARBARIANS, BUT SOCIETIES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

 Not Savages and Barbarians

          These were not savages or barbarians, as invading Europeans have sought to project.  Indigenous peoples built advanced living structures, revolutionized irrigation agriculture, and organized metropolitan areas on a par with other class societies around the world. ^[24]  In fact, the Aztec Empire was so extensive that it reached into modern day Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and Nevada.  There are Aztec ruins near Mesa Verde, Taos, Pueblo Bonito and Casa Grande---all in the western part of the United States. 

          According to William Howitt, in his book Colonisation and Christianity: A Popular History of the Treatment of the Natives by the Europeans in all their Colonies, wherever the white population set foot, devastation, decimation, and depopulation followed: "The barbarities and desperate outrages of the so-called Christian race, throughout every region of the world, and upon every people they have been able to subdue, are not to be parallel by those of any other race, however fierce, however untaught, and however reckless of mercy and of shame, in any age of the earth."^[25]

Also, judging from the extensive record of massacres, mutilation, pillage, theft, enslavement, extermination and expulsion, it is far easier for one who is civilized to act barbarian and savage than for one who is barbarian and savage to behave in a civilized manner.^[26]  Whites were savage in their genocidal actions.^[27]
Theses whiter murderers exterminated nearly the entire 115 million person in half of the world (the western hemisphere, including North America, South America, Central America and the Caribbean Islands) so that whites in Europe could have a place to live.  Whites were uncivilized murderers. In the South-central region of North America, Central America and South America, social production by indigenous populations was more advanced than in the host European societies which sent half-starved white mercenaries on ship missions of conquest.^[28] 

SECTION 4---GUIDING PRINCIPLES:

ASIAN MIGRATIONS, SETTLEMENTS,

AND SOCIETIES IN THE WESTERN HEMISPHERE

(45,000bp-1492ad)

4.1 Cause

          If not for the carnage and genocidal siege of the whites starting in 1492, all indigenous societies in the Western Hemisphere would have continued their own unique natural developmental process by moving from hordes to bands to clans to tribes to nations, and would have continued to evolve toward modern international federations.   But the white race exterminated whole populations, burned down whole civilizations, and seized the entire Western Hemisphere.  Therefore, whites cause all of the social problems that today hinder indigenous peoples.

4.2 Effect

          Whites own the entire Western Hemisphere, including all of its land, oceans, seas, gulfs, rivers, streams, lakes, and mineral wealth.  Indigenous populations are confined to concentration camps (reservations).  Therefore, the effect has been that indigenous civilization has been destroyed by whites as they parasitically have built their white civilization on top of the bleached bones and crumbled wreckages of nonwhites around the world. 

4.3 Responsibility

          What is today called North, Central, and South America belongs to the indigenous Chechimecans.  It is the responsibility of indigenous Chechimecans  and their responsibility alone, to organize themselves and reclaim the land, lives, and civilization that has been savagely seized from them by whites.

STAGE 1:  Initially, all modern humans originated on the north-south axis of eastern Africa between 150,000 and 200,000 years ago, and moved into the rest of the globe between 100,000 and 30,000 years ago.  The peopling of North, South, and Central America was merely the initial northeastern-most expression of this process.   Humans began in one place, Africa, and became different in skin, hair, and eye color as they migrated out of Africa to different parts of the world.

STAGE 2:  Human history in North America began, not in evolution but in migration.  The continent was populated from Asia, by way of the Bering Strait, between 45,000 and 10,000 years ago by successive waves of Asian emigrants from their ancestral homelands in northeastern Asia.

STAGE 3:During the Wisconsin glaciation, gradually these Asian populations crossed frozen land-bridges into Beringia, and traveled via the Alaskan Refuge.  Next they moved southward between the Cordilleran (parallel mountain ridges characteristic of the western United States and Mexico) and Laurentide glacial masses down along the coastal fringes of Alaska, up the Fraser, Yukon, and McKenzie rivers valleys and the southeastern side of the Rocky Mountains.  They then migrated into what is now called North America, proceeding west to California, south to New Mexico, east to New York and Pennsylvania, and south east into Florida, Georgia and Texas.

STAGE 4:  The indigenous forms of society in what is called North, Central, and South America evolved through a series of classless then class societies, just as all other populations had done around the world.  This was a natural process of social development.  This internal development process would have continued unless it was destroyed by external forces. 

STAGE 5:  The overall architectural splendor of Central and South American metropolitan cities was unmatched in the world at this time.  All of the streets, and sidewalks of the city were clean-swept and ordered.  Whereas Aztec weapons of war were underdeveloped, in many ways the state apparatus and the organizational bureaucracies of the ancient Aztec, Mayan, and Inca societies, were some of the most advanced in the world, given their efficient means of organizing distribution of the social production to millions of citizens.  Also, many of the long-term work projects, such as urban cities, pyramid complexes, monuments and temples in Aztec societies and the advanced irrigation systems in the Andean regions, were much more advanced than anything that the invading whites from England, Ireland, Germany, France, and Spain had built in that same time-frame.

STAGE 6:  Over a period of 2500 years, there were over 250 distinct languages spoken in the areas of Mexico including the great Valley of Mexico, the Valley of Oaxaca on up to the San Lorenzo plateau.  Cultures were highly advanced and had their own natural cycles of ascendancy and decendacy, birth and death, waxing and waning.  But always, this process of birth and death of civilization in the Central Mexicans region was toward ultimate development of indigenous societies.

STAGE 7:  In sum, thousands of separate nations totaling over 125,000,000 people inhabited the Western Hemisphere before the murderous white invasions of 1492.  Some nations were small, horticultural, poor, and merely scraping subsistence from the land; while others were large, complex, urban metropolitan centers where over 100,000 people engaged in production, marketing, commerce, architecture, artistry, engineering, religion, and all manners of sport.  Regardless of size, however, indigenous peoples were interwoven by their Asian affinities.  In the process of thousands of years of ascendancy, decline, and ascendancy on a higher level the multiplicity of societies throughout North, South, and Central America would have continued to grow had it not been for the white genocidal seiged on the Western Hemishere in the 15th century.

^[1]See Colin McEvedy, The Penguin Atlas of North American History to 1870, New York: Penguin Books, 1988, pp. 2-10.

^[2]See Roger Lewin, In the Age of Mankind: A Smithsonian Book of Human Evolution, 1988, p. 156.

^[3]The geological history of the northern hemisphere is a history of ice formations and subsequent retreats all of which are determined by astronomical relations within the unity between sun and earth.  Within the last 100,000 years the earth's climatic equation has changed four times, allowing snow in northern latitudes to compact into ice, thence to built up into glaciers and ice sheets as far south as central Europe and the Midwestern US.  The glaciations then came to an abrupt end.  Over the past 40 years evidence has accumulated which supports the conclusion that astronomical cycles are the engines of glaciation on planets in this solar system.  Slow, cyclic changes in the eccentrics of the earth's orbit, changes in the tilt and the orientation of its spin axis.  By altering the intensity of the seasons, the astronomical cycles tip the balance between glacial buildup and glacial retreat.  The cycles, 25,000 to 100,000 years in length affect the eccentrics of the earth's orbit, the orientation of its spin axis and the tilt of its axis.  Ice volumes ascend gradually for over 10,000 years then fall abruptly as the ice-age retreats given the closer realignment of the planet earth with the sun.

^[4]A mid-continental corridor is supported by recent geological data.  However, the suggestion of an ice-free strip directly adjacent to the maximum Laurentide ice sheet would have been a marginal area for human adaptation.

^[5]See Brian M. Fagan, People of the Earth: An Introduction to World Prehistory (Sixth Edition), Scott, Foresman and Company: Boston, 1989, pp. 64-79.

^[6]Jesse D. Jennings, ed, Ancient North Americans, W.H. Freeman and Company: San Francisco, 1983, p. 28.

^[7]Brian Fagan, The Great Journey:  The Peopling of Ancient America, Thames and Hudson: New York, 1987, pp. 101-136.

^[8]Ibid., pp. 145-195.

^[9]Colin McEvedy, 1988, op. cit., p. 8.

^[10]See Brian Fagan, 1987, op. cit., pp. 221-261.

^[11]Ibid., pp. 8-16.

^[12]Colin McEvedy, 1988, op. cit., pp. 4-14

^[13]Colin McEvedy, 1988, op. cit. pp. 8-14.

^[14]Colin McEvedy, 1988, op. cit., pp. 16-22.

^[15]Olmec is a generic name created by whites.  Few researchers have concerned themselves with what these people called themselves.  The so called Olmec feature prominently in all textbooks of middle-American prehistory.  But the origin of these people has been shrouded in mystery---purposely.  When one looks at the representation of the so called Olmec as they saw themselves, it becomes obvious why European archeologist and social scientist are so careless with this very significant Meso-American society.  The stone heads found at the Tuxtla, San Lorenzo, and La Venta are clearly African representations.  These Africans crossed what is now  called the Atlantic Ocrean into what is now  called Central America.  See Ivan Van Sertima, Nile Valley Presence in America B.C., Journal of African Civilizations, Nov., 1984, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 221-246 for a detailed discussion of the fusion of indigenous American and migrating African populations in the formation of the so called Olmec civilization.

^[16]For documentation of this process see Ivan Van Sertima, They Came Before Columbus: The African Presence in Ancient America, Random House: New York, 1977.

^[17]Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States, New York: Harper & Row, 2005, pp. 11-12.

^[18]Rudolph van Zanywick, The Aztec Arrangement: The Social History of Pre-Spanish Mexico.  Norman Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985).

^[19]See Chronicle of America, Mount Kisco: Chnonicle Publications, 1989, pp. 8-26.

^[20]Howard Zinn, 2005, op. cit., p. 11.

^[21]See Lost Empires of the Americas: The Ancient Andean Empires Shed New Light on How Civilizations Arise, U.S. News & World Report, April 2, 1990, pp. 46-57.

^[22]Ibid., p. 46.

^[23]Ibid., pp. 48-50.

^[24]For purposes of comparisons of social and cultural development between early class societies around the world, see Geoffrey Parker, The World: An Illustrated History, New York: Harper & Row, 1986.

^[25]See William Howitt, Colonisation and Christianity: A popular History of the Treatment of the Natives by the Europeans in all their Colonies, London, 1838, p. 9.

^[26]Deductions based on a summary of the past 500 years of North American history document in Jacques Legrand, Chronicle of America, Chronicle Publications Inc.: Mount Kiscos, NY, 1989.

^[27]European anthropology has constantly alluded to the inferiority of indigenous populations that they invaded based on their not having wheels, iron horses and written language.  These pedantic pseudo-Aristotelian notions serve as the filler which conditions many into believing that they are reading scientifically arrived at conclusions.  This in turn results in a sense of superiority and justification in whites for the crimes of their ancestors.  "White populations had wheels", they say; "red populations in America had no wheels, therefore they were inferior and the whites were superior."  Let us analyze the logic of this.  Land based modes of transport and production result in friction minimizing implements; water based modes of transport and production do not.  Hydraulic modes of production use primarily water based means of transport.  Simple mechanics establishes that friction which is the resistance to motion between two surfaces moving at odds over each other can be minimized by different means.  Unit 1 can move from point A to point B most efficiently by lowering the resistance of the carrier of unit 1 to its reaction surface.  In order to move a load with the least amount of resistance, either a roller is employed in some form or lubricants, usually in liquid form can be used to lessen the effects of friction.  Water is the lubricant par excellence; thus, the technological adaptation to networks of streams, rivers, lakes  and oceans is some form of water vessel by societies with water based modes of production. 

How were the raw materials for some of the largest engineering construction projects in the world, i.e., Egyptian (KMT)  pyramid building dating 2800bc., transported to its place of assembly except by advanced water motion along the Nile and friction minimizing slide motions across the Sahara Dessert.  A complex network of streams, rivers, lakes and seas provide the friction-minimizing water-base necessary to move the largest of objects with the greatest of ease: Peru, Egypt (KMT), Nubia, Mesopotamia, Mexico, etc.  With or without wheels northern Europeans had not developed the technological wherewithal to build any architectural construction projects the size and engineering complexity of those societies which adapted their transport to water motion.  We can infer rather simply that the moving and assembly of the largest building material, at least before the late 19th century was more efficiently achieved by using water-based modes of transport rather than land based one, such as the ones featuring wheels. Another asinine debate over the domestication of animals, specifically the horse is yet another case of Eurocentricism.  White populations had horses; red populations did not, therefore white were superior.  Animals migration is chance based, as was early hominid migration.  No inferiority can be attached to being born on a land mass that could support the evolution of variant land animal life such as the horse.  If this were the case, Africa, having evolved thousands of species of land animals would be superior to all.  Yet another argument attempts to establish that white populations were superior because they had iron.  Iron was not in use in North, South, or Central America, therefore indigenous Americans were inferior.  Again, what was the material use of iron?  Attack and protection.  How was iron utilized?  Europeans used it in America to kill and steal.  What role does it play in recent production history?  What role did it play in the decimation of red populations by white populations? It was used as instruments of destruction and shields for defence.  First iron is durable; its ores can be smelted usually with coke in order to separate the metal from other impurities.  This molten iron metal then is shaped into wares, shields, and projectiles---vehicles, tools or weapons.  As is well documented, Europe used the iron as a means of destruction in its relationship with all host populations that they invaded from the 15th century until present.  The same can be said for gun power which was discovered by Chinese who used it for celebrations, and other r ritual ceremonies.  Hundreds of years later, Europeans made "fire sticks", i.e. guns and cannons out of it.  European history would also have us believe that indigenous Chechimecans were too primitive to write but they were genius enough to conceive, plan, design, engineer, construction and build cities of stone which put to shame anything that the writing Greeks, Roman and for that matter all of Western Europe.  These indigenous populations had to walk around with precise geometric formulae, urban gridlock and metropolitan layout plans in their heads.  Planned cities must be diagrammed/drawn/architectually rendered in some form.  Take the great city Teotihuacan, 500ad, at  the time the fourth largest city in the world having over 400,000 people.  This city controlled over 30,000 square kilometers of what is now referred to as central America.  Hundreds of temples were built within the city; urbanization programs were centrally planned; 20 square kilometers of temples, palaces and residency were laid out on a rectangular grid plan; fabulous monuments, temples building structures such as Pyramid of the Moon, Quetzal Place, Pyramid of the Sun, Temple of Questzalcoatl, Avenue of the Dead Complex, Great Compound Market all centered around what is now called Rio San Huan river which was canalized to conform to the scheme.  Indigenous American societies produced advanced irrigation techniques, swamp and terrace farming, administration of an centralized state apparatus that oversaw millions of people; yet, Eurocentric anthropology and history continue the absurd fantasy that they had no written documents and were not a truly literate civilization.  Either these people had photographic memories or whites systematically torched the written documents of the people that they conquered thus severing the material ties between past, present generations in much the same way the European Macedonians, Greeks, Romans did in Egypt (KMT) after they had garnered and translated that which was useful to them.  This was yet another standard operating procedure.  Written language could not survive Spanish, Portuguese and English flames, torches fires, pillage.  Fireproof writing material had not been invented yet.  Finally, just because the murderous invading white people who were trying to read the symbolic language system that indigenous Chechimecans wrote could not read them does not mean that the indigenous Chechimecans could not write.

^[28]Also, the level of "civilization" in these societies are now thought to be far more complex and advanced than they were earlier said to be.