As the temple rite begins "herbak" (the Kmtian on the street) does not feel that it is only
for the priest class or that they get more than he does. He knows that he is part of a great chain of being, an organic state
where he is linked to all others in the country from the lowest worker to the Great Leader himself. As the Great Leader acts
he influences the whole state, as he practices the ancient rites all are affected. There is no an artificial division between
morality, politics, the divine and the secular, the Kmtian experience is one harmonic, one unity which encompasses all aspects.
This unity was the foundation for the Kmtian Harmonic, it sustained Kmt for thousands of years, indeed, Kmtian art did not
change fundamentally for some 4236 years until the advent of Akhenaton and then returned to its "Old style" until
its fall. The great unity of Kmt was its sustaining vision, its essence was not only found in the state or political structure
or in the priesthood, but was within every aspect of its expression, from art to architecture, from music to medicine. Like
a hologram, even a single artifact can reveal the language of the greater form. Kmt's initiation gave the
initiates a degree of education one would acquire after lifetimes of lessons.
Maat
The Kmtian cosmology is founded on the understanding that all existence was either orderly or chaotic. Order was called
Maat while chaos was called isfet. The word Maat in Kmtic language translates to mean, Truth, Justice, Righteousness,
Balance and Order. It's opposite being "Isfet", which means, lacking in justice; out of balance, disorder, etc.
Maat encompassed the physical world, political conditions, and ethical conduct. In the physical world Maat meant
that the sun rose and set in a regular pattern. Maat also meant that the Nile flooded Kmt on a regular schedule and provided
fertility to agricultural fields. In politics, Maat meant that the true king sat on the throne and ensured order within Kmt.
In Kmtian thought, Maat depended on correct personal conduct. In fact correct personal conduct ensured loyalty to the king,
which, in turn, supported an orderly physical world. For individuals, Maat also meant telling the truth, and dealing fairly
with others in addition to obedience to authority. Ultimately an individual who supported Maat through his actions could enter
the afterlife as a reward.
The beginnings of indigenous African systems of thought date from Peraa times with
the production of the African Kmt Memphite (Wa-Set) Philosophy (4,236bc), which was the earliest systematic moral code establishing
right and wrong, and good and bad. In ancient African morality, ethics, and virtue, major emphasis was placed on an individual's
conduct in life, treating it as the basis on which one will be judged in the next life. These principles organized social
space and gave order to the social lives of Africans who settled along the 4,144-mile Nile River.
The roots of
this uniquely African will to justice via science were, therefore, initiated in this period. The independent indigenous literary
production, the philosophical tradition, the moral basis for this great African civilization stretches over 3500 years. Its
content was dualistic, holistically integrating matter and spirit, science and morality, theology and cosmology. Pyramids
(the largest buildings in the world that have stood for over 6000 years in Africa's African Kmt) were not built by empty
religious mysticism, but by scientifically skilled indigenous African architects, engineers and master urban planners---who
at the same time adhered to advanced religious and moral codes of social conduct. Science and morality, therefore, were one
unified and complementary cross-paralleled reality. One did not negate the other.
The "divine speech,"
MDW NTR, of Djehuti (African Kmt's personification of science), was intimately bonded with "divine righteous
behavior," MAATI, or Maat (African Kmt's personification of truth, justice, and righteousness). This was
truly a unity of opposites. The unique facet of the ethical portions of the systems presented is their introduction of a comprehensive
system of thought for scientific thought and moral practical guidance and action invented at least 2000 years before Greek
Civilization:
- Pyramid Texts: 3300-2400bc, a corpus of 2217 formulae or paragraphs in modern editions; these formulae
are enshrined on the inside walls 0 of the chambers of the queen/king chamber, 5th dynasty;
- Teachings of Imhotep,
advisor to king Djeoser; 3rd dynasty, around 2800bc;
- Teachings of Hordjedef, second son of Khafu; 4th dynasty, circa.
2700bc.
- Teachings of Kagemni, vizier of Snefrou; 4th dynasty, circa. 2650bc.
- The Teachings of Ptahotep, vizier
under the reign of Isis; 5th dynasty, c. 2600bc.
- The ShabaKA Inscription (Memphite Theology), transmitted by the stele
of ShabaKa, these are essays on philosophical theoretical reflection of Ptah's priests in his Memphis sanctuary;
- Admonitions
of a KMTian Sage (Prophesies), circa 2300bc Dialogues of a Desperate Person and His/Her Ba, circa 2280bc.
- The Teachings
for King MeriKAre, Attributed to king Kheti II; 10th dynasty, circa. 2250bc.
- Songs of the Harpists, circa. 2200bc.
- Teachings
of the Asar, circa. 2050bc.
- The Teachings of Amenewhat to his Son Sesostris, circa. 2000bc.
- Strength of Skilled
Trades, circa., 1900bc
- Teachings of the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus, circa., 1850bc; Rhine Papyrus
- The Sarcophagus
Text circa., 1650bc;
- Book of Coming Forth by Day and By Night, circa. 1590bc;
- The Great Hymn to Aton, circa.,
l400bc;
- The Wisdom of Ani, circa l300bc.
- The Teachings of Amenempoe, circa. 1000bc.
Later, this
indigenous African moral "thought matter" was plagiarized and claimed by Hebrews during their 400-year sojourn in
ancient African Kmt. Moses, their first and chief lawmaker---taking the ancient African Kmt's 42 Confessions of Innocence
and making 10 Commandments--- was, according to the Old Testament, thoroughly instructed in the wisdom of ancient African
Kmt. He was a KMTic priest. He lived the larger part of his early life in African Kmt. He was thoroughly educated in KMTic
schools and temples. Even KMTic religious theology expressed a certain systematic logic. Ancient African Kmt
viewed heaven as the seat of the Neters, that is to say, the "creative causes," the unmoved movers, the
supreme will, the vital forces, or agents of continuous creation and the principles of functions, which through reflection
into the earthly world maintained its existence. This is fluid duality personified. Temples were conceived of as the cosmic
seats of the Neters, each a sacred place of dwelling for a significant moral or scientific principle to which each
of them was dualistically dedicated.
The sanctuary of a KMTic temple, with its huge doors, vividly painted walls,
massive pillars, chambers, corridors, and various sacred monuments surrounding it, was the secret part of the temple; its
walls were covered with the most important texts, and it was separated from the "open temple" by the transitional
hall. Clearly if African Kmt's intellectual and moral system had been applied to build the proper military system,
African civilization would today be leading the world in the arts and the sciences. For historical and cultural reasons
it was not. Material force must be met with superior material force as to ensure self-preservation. African Kmt was sorely
deficient in this area.
In sum, the temple inscriptions are explicit on this point: science and morality are inseparable;
therefore any subsequent research methodology must have Maati (moral correctness) and Djehuti (scientific precision) as its
plan, driving force, and its goal. African scientists today must independently resurrect this ancient method of judging reality
and fortify it with a material will that centers on self-preservation and self-development.
Salvation of Humanity - In the beginning there was Nwn, the body of primeval water;
from Nwn came Atum on its own; from his spittle came the first couple, Shu (dryness) and Tefnut (humidity); they gave birth
to Geb (earth) and Nwt (sky), who then bore Asr, Ast, [seth] and [nephthys]-the first set of nine divinities made up the Group
of Nine (Ennead) of Heliopolitan mythology
- Ra, king of gods and goddesses, also represents the cycle of the sun,
which is the basis of all life's existence-Ra simultaneously ‘is' and ‘is becoming'; this myth seems
to speak to a few different things. One is that humans have the potential to exploit the natural environment (its contents
are extensions of Ra-the sun) and when they actually do this, nature deals heavy blows to the population. The natural disasters
are explained as response of Ra through Skmt to purge the earth of those damaging nature.
Maxims of the Prime Minister PtahHotep (Exerpts) - Wisdom literature comprised a
series of moral treatises proffering declarations on ethics, psychology, politics and social issues. Generally, wisdom literature
contained the moral code of Kmt antiquity
- Ptah-hotep was the equivalent of a Prime Minister in the 5th
dynasty.
- African Kmt maxims shold be so sequences, intellectually, as to lead necessarily to knowledge, culture,
moral rectitude, good conduct and the setting of a good example; its aim is moral, ethical, methodical, and artistic
- The
language is the result of deep reflections; the maxims and wise sayings are concepts; they offer practical advice and above
all focus on essential, ethical concerns; they offer advice about personal conduct, and recommend a judicious balance, respect
for others, self control, the careful monitoring of one's thoughts and emotions
- The maxims advocate simplicity
and humility; the spiritual value of these maxims lies in their advocacy of general culture as a requisite for the happy life
- The highest value is placed on a constant quest for truth and justice; MAAT is a concept of central importance, implying
order, universal balance, cosmic regulation, justice, truth, truth-in-justice, rectitude and moral uprightness
- Balanced
order brings peace, condemns crime and evil. Whomever breaks the law is punished as a matter of course
- People in
authority are advised to govern with mercy and in peace; subordinates owe respect to superiors; authoritarian conduct is decried
as unacceptable
- The social order secretes benevolence and loving kindness, without stifling personal initiative and
work; MAAT castigates slander, lying, defamation, boastfulness, and flattery; all persons deserve respect
- Order is
a categorical imperative-‘stick to the truth; do no exaggerate; in the final analysis, justice (MAAT) prevails'
- Only the wishes of the netcher become reality; the wishes of humans do not always come true. In other words, humans
negotiate their external environment, and depending on the forces involved, nature prevails
- To understand MAAT, must
examine it on 3 levels-(1) universal level, MAAt expresses harmony of the elements as clearly established, each in its right
place; this is the concept of the whole; (2) political level, MAAT works against injustice; in the name of MAAt, the Peraa
subjugates rebels and dominates foreign lands; and (3) individual level, MAAT embraces specific rules for living in concert
with moral principles; whomever lives according to these rules and principles achieves universal order in his/her own life
and lives in harmony with the ordered Whole
- MAAT indicates transcendence
Maxims of Kagemni Exerpts - The Instructions of Ancient Kmt were precisely
such lessons in virtue, dispensed by a master to a student, by a wise expert to someone younger,
- The Wisdom
Literature was a corpus of texts used for philosophical education
- Virtue can be taught; the discipline for teaching
it embraces both science and conscience, knowledge and consciousness, a consciousness inseparable from the responsibility
of governing the polity
- Kagemni is instructed in discretion, good manners,a nd moderation; self-mastery and self-control;
appropriate conduct; sobriety
- African Kmt wisdom advocates modesty, sobriety and moderation, also castigates boastfulness
- prudence is recommended
- Morality was practical; it began by recognizing responsibility, then moved on to
offer the training required to fulfill it. Its goal was the strict duty of living in tune with MAAt, the combination of Justice
and Truth, the supreme moral law
- The teacher sought to focus the student's attention by using proverbs and maxims,
confident that this radical educational theory would work in practice
- African Kmt morality was civil and secular,
profoundly focused on the life of the community
- MAAT, a transcendental law, also taught human beings, in practical
terms, how to live as dutiful members of their communities, how eto assume future political and administrative responsibilities,
how in short, to bhave as social beings.
- The African Kmt scribes who set down these moral injuctions in their books
felt that they were accomplishing a duty, that of handing them down to future generations; This was the origin fo the law
of obligation as an essential objective of morality. It was from this type of fundamental obligation that the various ‘teachings'
were derived together with their moral corollaries-prudence, modesty, sobriety, self-mastery, moderation, courage, disciplined
striving for self-improvement, and thoughtful patience; the aim was virtuous fulfillment (well-being)
- Because the
teachings were written down, they facilitated the transition from the idea of positive goals (to be achieved, practiced, lived)
to that of laws (to be known, learned, read, contemplated, respected)
- Peraa morality was based on written documents-it
stated that moral precepts derived from a moral law rigorously focused on duty; the moral system constituted a scholarly discipline
- the moral philosophy of Peraa African Kmt had its ideal of the good
- the prime minister in the Peraa administrative
establishment, summons his children to teach them virtue; thus love facilitaes te dissemination of moral and spiritual propaganda
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MAAT: Kmtian Code of Cardinal Virtues The
purpose of this type of text was to help the deceased person on the voyage to the other world The
driving ethos of African Kmt was a powerful aspiration to virtue and wisdom Kemites were convinced
there was a higher order, living and eternal. They conceived of this deified cosmic order as a combination of justice and
truth, and called it MAAT. The process of living the inner life, deepening and perfecting
it, became synonymous with the exercise of intelligence. Whoever aspired to live forever te life of gods, in the company of
the blessed, had to make a conscious effort to live according to a set of ‘rules' designed for the purpose of dominating
death, transcending morality and affirming life. The straight path to eternal life was morality
Funeral rites, embalmment, offerings to the deceased, rituals, etc., was created to help the
dead to attain eternity, to merge self and cosmic order Only under conditions of absolute
purity could the deceased take on the name of Asr, ruler of the kingdom of the blessed To
join the company of the blessed, the deceased had to first acknowledge and assert their original kinship with the deities;
to do this they invoked the power and beauty of words, declaring their innocence in the hall of the MAAT deities African Kmt recognized morality as law. Rules of behavior and moral conduct were codified, so that the words
attributed to the deceased constituted discourses on applied morality, by whose criteria individuals evaluated teir own deeds,
freely accomplished while they lived on earth among mortals This public confession was a performance
through which the deceased asserted that they too possessed the knowledge of the gods; they aspired to have the gods treat
them as initiates; they insisted their status as pure beings. As a pure being, the individual deceased deserved to escape
condemnation on the scales of justice MAAT is justice, a way of intelligent, conscious living,
a concept at once ethical and speculative a logos MAAT was the one way to true happiness,
peace, beauty, and intelligible life What is true knowledge but that which leads to wisdom
The veneration of the dead affects, regulates and codified various aspects of individual and
collective behavior; it requires observance of virtue at all times, respect for one's word, respect for other people's
property and the common wealth, honor and dignity in relations with others and the exaltation of work; this ideal, this way
of life constitutes the golden rule for life on earth All living beings are enjoined
to take care (in behavior and conduct) not to soil the environment with any kind of impurity It
is forbidden to commit adultery, to trammel on others' rights, to lie knowingly for the purpose of covering up truth or
harming others, to be cruel to the weak, to steal, to refuse drink or food to strangers It
is an ethical system that does not tolerate adultery, fornication, lying and the use of coercion to mistreat the weak MAAT enjoins bodily and spiritual purity, scrupulous respect for social norms, the practice of charity and
generosity; another command of MAAT is that the poor should be protected There is a court
of the ancestors, which adjudicates between the just and the impious The justified deceased
who enters the hall fo the 2 MAAT sisters (place fo truth) can attain eternal beatitude among the blessed MAAT, as transcendental justice, is also cosmic order, the universal balance fo nature and the entire cosmos. It
is the energy that animates both the visible and invisible world
On
Death The Ba ("soul") explains that a man in control of his life ought
to think of his departure from this earth in all tranquility, and not worry unduly about the time of death, or the funeral
ceremonies following his demise, since these are matters of little importance Life on earth
is no more than a transition; life is a cycle The story of a man speaking with his ba: One
must not die forgotten; Those who seem to have attained eternity are those with sufficient resources to arrange their own
mummification, tomb burial, ritual ceremonies, and the erection of a stele to keep their names alive; The ability to make
such funeral arrangement should be available to everyone. Ba: worrying about the ceremonial details of one's funeral serves
no purpose, since the pomp is useless; everyone dies and will not return. In the end, humans possess nothing more than their
lives on earth What is sad is not that a person who has had a life is now at the end, but rather
the fate of those innocent ones who never had a chance to experience life The transition from
the Old to Middle Kingdom was a violent time of chaos, famine and economic depression; thinkers wrote about the surrounding
misery, misfortune, the vanity of existence, while worrying about survival; simultaneously, there was tremendous emphasis
on ethical values When the power of the dynasties were imposed throughout African Kmt, the
Peraa symbolized a god, owner and manager of the universe of all things earthly and divine; the pyramid, which came to symbolize
the celestial realm in the afterlife, was reserved for the Peraa; the deified royal person was incorporated into the solar
system The problem of life after death was discussed and answers proposed During
political and social disintegration, answers tended toward spiritual independence and liberation The
philosophy of mortality that emerged was designed to satisfy the spiritual needs of the poor; during political instability,
death looked like an inopportune event; the response encouraged each person to enjoy each passing day to the full. The argument is that death offers liberation and deliverance. The theme is the collapse of the Old Kingdom,
opening the floodgates to riots, revolutions, and desperate times. Such philosophical discussions
lead to a deepening of human consciousness The ba of KMTic philosophy is present as
the spirit, the soul, or the double of a person, which comes out of the body at the moment of death. There
exists the idea that the spirit might spend time wandering lost under certain conditions; A
person's soul must stand before the council of ancestors for judgment; the deceased must achieve a state of purity before
reaching the council of ancestors; she/he declares her/his innocence on various matters (balancing of the heart) In this state of purity, admitted into the abode of the blessed dead, the deceased becomes no less than one
among he powerful dead
Human Destiny: Stars in the Afterlife The deceased king, to enter the world beyond, had to undergo ceremonial cleansing rituals performed with water
specially prepared for purification. The goal of these purification rituals was resurrection The
king, once purified, is resuscitated, metamorphosed into a star; in this new identity he must rise into the heavens to assume
a stellar immortality by becoming a spirit of light. The key to understanding this mythology is the philosophical assumption
that humanity necessarily reflects the universe, and that the life of the universe is directly connected to the Sun
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