Principles of Modern Architecture

ARCHITECTURAL CONSIDERATIONS

Scientific Method and Scientific Management

Scientific management uses such tools as time-and-motion studies, tool optimization, and crew balancing
Applied to modern construction, scientific management involves

Modeling, during engineering or field mobilization stages, or both for design and construction efficiency
Detailed preplanning of all construction activities
Structural questioning and extensive use of alternative studies to determine and implement the optimum construction method for each field operation
Preparation for a detailed plan for each controllable block of field work with each operation assigned a tight but realistic work-hour target based on a fixed set of standards
Creation and maintenance of a detailed schedule
Periodic control of each craft on each operation by comparison between actual and target work-hours for each piece of work

Application of Building Principles

[1] Plan in advance
[2] Anticipate growth
[3] Concepts: Creating an urban condition free of urbanity
3.1. On the one hand absence of plausible, universal doctrines and
3.2. On the other hand an unprecedented intensity of production
[4] Self-sufficient university communities; Self-sufficient industrial "neighborhoods" or production units that govern every area of urban life, from work to leisure
[5] Transform centers of consumption to centers of production; transform centers of non-producing non-consumers to producing consumers
[6] Chinese campaign to produce steel from small, backyard iron smelters without special guidance or equipment
[7] Need to work out traffic patters in planning communities
[8] Confront the challenge of how to create maximum substance with minimum means
[9] Under pressure to create an instant metropolis, systematically estimate and readjust population numbers (do no underestimate numbers)
[10] Develop and/or find devices that favor dynamic processes capable to engage sudden changes in scale

FORECASTS FOR NEEDED AFRICAN

CONSTRUCTION/ARCHITECTURAL ENGINEERING

•[11] Future Special Economic Zones in Africa

11.1. First phase-transforming zone from a small town to a medium size city
11.1.1. By 2010 population grows from 200,000 to 500,000; area of zone is adjusted from 10 km² to 100 km²; Foundations poured for 400 sky scrapers
11.1.2. Zone considered a learning laboratory of operating businesses, hi-tech manufacturing, and construction
11.1.3. An economy centered on light industry can be transferred from anywhere in the world.
11.1.4. Population growth will exceed expectations.
11.2. Second phase (2020)-quick changes will become a planning concept
11.2.1. Zones will double to 200 km²; by 2020, population will reach 3.0million; area will be adjusted to 250 km²
11.2.2. Zones will become laboratories for real-estate market, manufacturing, and construction engineering.
11.2.3. Forecasting will become a new planning concept in African renaissance
11.3. Third phase (2030s)
11.3.1. Six new areas of development spiraling from the original zone; the zone is declared a city and adjoining territory is placed under its administration; by 2030, will become a metropolitan area of 2,500 km² and 7-10 million people
[12] Anticipate immigration; prepare education
[13] Theme at the core of "blocks"-center of commercial activities
13.1. An urban enclave supports each theme, complete with residences and factories
13.2. Themes-called parks-organized around science and technology, agriculture, high-tech, amusement, etc.
13.3. Blocks carefully separated to avoid cross-contamination between failure and survival
[14] How to get resources in area to fund development
[15] Overseas Africa developed to attract African Diaspora living overseas; followed path of self-sufficiency; in beginning followed pattern of cheap labor in exchange for foreign capital; doesn't work as anticipated; pursue tourist industry with theme parks
[16] What is possible-
16.1. 5 architectural designers/engineers x 1 night + 2 computers = 300-unit single family housing development
16.2. 1 architect x 3 nights = 7-story walk-up apartment
16.3. 1 architect x 7 days = 30-story concrete residential high-rise
16.4. The master plan of a 3,000-student college campus will take only two people one month to finish
16.5. Design & architectural drawings of a city gymnasium with a seating capacity of 6,000 can take the people two months to complete
[17] Increased industrial activity and rapid population rise not only will force construction of structures to accommodate the population swell and created economic opportunities for real estate development, but also set record speeds for growth in construction
[18] Fastest high rise project can be done in only 7 days; this is possible because the plan of a residential high rise is pretty much the same for all buildings, all of the work is really done on giving the building a "hat" or some variation in the façade
[19] Speed, quality, architectural recipes, form which different buildings built with slight variation
19.1. Variations on a theme
19.2. Architects composing architectural elements, languages, styles, forms, and standard details, produce pattern books from which people may order a building design
[20] Not important to put individual names
[21] Study architectural elements-impact on temperature, efforts, comfort, cooling, etc.; floor-to-floor distance; size of room, location, function of each, etc.
[22] To increase efficiency in erecting residential superblocks-to separate the processes of design and construction between
22.1. Structural members-load-bearing walls, floor slabs, roof, and utility cores-and
22.2. Separable parts-partitions, furniture, facilities, and kitchen and bathroom fixtures of kitchen and bathroom
[23]
[24] Art and commodity-developing and producing goods that serve both purposes. KMT produced goods that both addressed their needs and possessed aesthetic and artistic values
[25] The process engineer (designer of processes) versus the design engineer (designer of artifacts)
[26] The design of the method (how we go about designing and making) circumscribes what gets made, its quality, scope, features, and resources of time and money expended on its production
[27] Quality and scope are desirable (want to increase) and cost and time want to decrease-want quality and scope to be greater than the cost and time needed to produce
[28] Production should be simultaneous, rather than sequential; integrated production, not segregated production
[29] Separate problems into small pieces and solve individually and together
[30] Process engineer makes problem solving happen through the design of virtual, interactive tools (tools of information and communication); problems are solved through immediate visualization and interaction
[31] Master builder-combines architect, builder, engineer, and scientist; can/should also integrate with substance and intent
[32] Product engineer-locates, exploits, transfers materials from one realm to another to apply them to new uses in building and architecture from earlier uses in other fields; also includes the development of integrated component assemblies-modules, chunks, grand blocks-that cut across all categories of material and function
[33] Contractor-works in the seams between the product engineer and the architect; assembler, the collector, accumulates parts and strives to minimize the amount of field assembly by employing (as much as possible) off-site fabrication in factories dedicated to the development of integrated component assemblies
[34] Need more information
34.1. To expand the various objects produced
34.2. To save people from production reduced to a limited set of object types
34.3. To conceive components wholly and fully in the round, that are developed in different places by different designers
34.4. To enhance the speed and comprehensiveness of our conceptions
34.5. To project cost, method, and sequence of assembly into design considerations
34.6. To locate all the pieces making up the components of buildings throughout the process of design, fabrication, and assembly
34.7. To know immediately when a component has been improperly installed
[35] Large problems can be effectively solved by breaking them down into smaller parts and solving them; committing distinct responsibilities and authorities to solving them; the results are then patched together and attention given to the seams conjoining the several solutions
[36] Processes must reflect objective reality
[37] Once the conceptual system exists, the parts can be fabricated in any order and assembled
37.1. With simple set of rules about size, theme, color and pattern, small groups or individuals can design and make pieces of a product relatively independent of each other
[38] Simulation rather than representation;
38.1. Simulation is a complete three dimensional regulatory structure
38.2. Makes possible the fragmentation of large products (i.e., planes) into large, integrated components that can be fabricated anywhere in the world and brought together for final assembly
38.3. Seamless and make segregation possible
38.4. Gives whole model, including all parts
38.5. Joints are depicted
[39] Sharing is done electronically

Materials

[1] Many new materials have been developed over the past few decades
1.1. Polyaramids-Kevlar, Goretex, ETFE
1.2. Foamed materials-from polyurethane to metal and many new adhesives
[2] Many materials have been transformed-ceramics, aluminum, titanium
[3] New composites
3.1. reinforced plastics
3.2. Polymers threaded with glass fiber, aramids, or carbon
3.3. Thin films applied to fabrics
[4] Novelty alone cannot sustain use

Cars

[1] Process engineer divides the car to be produced into modules (chunks)
[2] The car becomes whole at the end of the manufacturing process (in the final minutes of assembly)
[3] Design and production teams are assembled at the beginning to develop and produce each chunk; the teams are drawn from a number of organizations
3.1. Product engineers
3.2. Materials scientists
3.3. Designers
3.4. Human-factors engineers
3.5. Production line employees
3.6. Supervisors
[4] Principle modules of a car
4.1. Front fascia (grille, headlights) bars and chrome strips
4.2. Front suspension systems and steering
4.3. Engine compartment (includes submodules)
4.4. cockpit and instrument panels (sometimes includes steering column)
4.5. Seats
4.6. Headliner (includes visors and electronics)
4.7. Fuel system and tank
4.8. Doors
4.9. Stamping from body shop (includes front and rear floor, doors, hood, deck lid, fenders)
[5] Modules are preassembled off the main assembly line-in another facility
[6] All parts (to the individual screw) is defined and controlled by a three-dimensional process sheet that details all features and installation procedures
[7] Entire process controlled electronically
[8] Individual parts and modules are bar-coded
8.1. to enable instant tracking
8.2. to ensure each installed in proper module or vehicle

4-year ARCHITECTUAL ENGINEERING DEGREE

First Year

ARC 101 Architectural Design (1) (6+0)

Objective : To introduce students to the design process and its various aspects.

Contents : functional relations and circulation patterns - qualitative and quantitative study of architectural spaces - The relation ship between spaces and their required openings - The effect of openings upon facades - Human / environmental / functional relations - Simple structures for small scale buildings - Simple design problem solving.

ARC 102 History and Theories of Architecture (1) (4+0)

Divided into two part :

History or Architecture :

Objective : To study the factors influencing architectural form and style, and their aesthetic values, historically.

Contents : The following periods will be studied - Early civilizations - Ancient KMT (Egyptian), Nubia, Kush, Taseti, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe -

Theories of Architecture

Objective : To study the functional bases for designing architectural elements.

Contents : quality, comfort and safety - Private Spaces - Living and sleeping zones - Public use spaces - user needs - services & Utilities - Vertical & Horizontal Circulation.

ARC 103 Shades and Shadows and Perspective (4+2)

Objective : to develop imaginative & three dimensional spatial capabilities. To introduce shades and shadows into form and facades.

Contents : The Study of shadows of spatial elements: point, line, plane, & form. - Perspectives Basics; image plane, cone of vision, angle of vision, vanishing points, inverse perspective. - Computers Applications in Perspectives.

Exercises : Shades and shadows : arches, stairs, balconies, openings, domes .etc - Perspectives : buildings, Interiors, one two and three vanishing point perspectives. - Shades and shadows in perspective.

ARC 104 Visual Training (1) (0+4)

Objective : To acquaint the students with various drawing principles and artistic techniques.

Contents : Pencil techniques, pen &ink - proportions perspective, scale & composition - Foreground middle and background - How to sketch architectural elements & landscapes.

Exercises : Sketching architectural elements - Sketching simple compositions.

ARC 105 Building Construction (2+1)

Objective : To introduce, both theoretically and practically, the study to the basics of building construction and building materials. Pyamids, three angles, three sides, three points of connection.
Contents : The representation of various materials in Architectural and structural documents. - Principles of Building with various materials; Stone, Wood, Brick, Concrete, Steel - Building Types; skeleton & wall bearing - Arches, lintels & stairs. - Insulation; Water, Sound and Heat. - Introduction to finishing materials.

STR 111-1 Properties and Strength of Materials (4+2)

Objective : To introduce students to various building materials, their properties, testing and uses.

Contents : materials used in Engineering products. - Standards, codes & inspections. - The development of innovative uses of building materials - Concrete; components, manufacturing, quality control. - Partitioning materials; gypsum, lime, timber & bricks. - The effects of water on building materials. - The mechanics of engineering materials.

STR 111-2 (A&B) Theory of Structures (2+1) , (3+2)

Objective : To introduce the basic concept of structures and their analysis.

Contents : Equilibrium, stability & compatibility. - External & Internal equilibrium of statically determinate plane structures; beams, frames & trusses. - Normal, shear, torsional stresses & combined stresses. - Elastic deformations. - Introduction to the analysis of statically indeterminate structures through consistent deformations & moment distribution. - Buckling of columns. - Introduction to space structures.

MTH 111 Mathematics and Statistics (4+2)

Objective : To introduce statistics and computer science as a tool for manipulating field data in Architectural & Planning problem solving processes.

Contents : Statistics; probability, random, variables, distribution functions, estimation & significance tests. - Computer science hardwares & softwares, programmers & programming, computer languages, applications - Introduction to linear programming.

PBW 111 Surveying (2+2)

Objective : To introduce the student to basic elements of surveying and their architectural applications.

Contents : Plotting scales, verniers, linear of angular and simple angular measurement devices. - Chain surveying, leveling & theodolites. - Map drawing. - photogrammetry and its architectural applications.

Second Year

ARC 201 Architectural Design (2) (6+0)

Objective : To present design as an innovative process dealing with various levels of spatial composition - context, sites, masses and spaces while emphasizing the importance of structure in form and space generation.

Contents : A design studio emphasizing socio-cultural factors & physical context. - Architectural programmers as a framework for functional & socio-cultural needs. - Form generation, space concepts & dynamics. - Architectural character; physical & symbolic references. - Architectural modeling.

ARC 202 History and Theories of Architecture (2) (4+0)

History

Objective : To study the changes in thought to the end of the Modern African Renaissance.

Contents : The following periods will be studied - Early 1940's to 1980's.

Theories

the study of the philosophy behind designing community facilities - Educational & cultural buildings - Health & recreational Facilities - Commercial, administrative & touristic buildings.

ARC 203 Visual Training (2) (2+2)

Objective : To prepare the student to appreciate proportions & beauty, using various mediums and various subjects.

Contents : colors : achromatic & chromatic sensations, color circles, plates & worlds, complementary, analogy & contrast, intensity, tone and key, color discord, combining colors, colors description & names, intervals, direction, form & space, color harmony.

Exercises : Applications of the theory of colors to designs and intuitive training.

INT 211 Building Construction and Materials (2+1) , (4+3)

Building construction :

Objective : To study the methods & detailed steps of executing architectural projects

Contents : projects drawings, plans, elevations, sections, details - Finishes woodwork & metal works. - Introduction to modern construction techniques.

Materials :

Objective : To expand the student's knowledge of building materials & quality control

Contents : Concrete technology, additives & types - Prefab & precast units - Insulating materials - Finishing materials - Inspecting & repairing buildings.

ARC 205 Environmental Control (4+0)

Objective : To introduce the principles of evaluation of environmental performance, during the design process using specific tools and techniques.

Contents : Defining the environment & its components - Climate and levels - Man, shelter and climate - Heat transfer (man and environment) - Thermal comfort (standards, indicators and indices) - Climatic classification - Kmt's Egypt's environment - Climatic control and the design process - Thermal performance of buildings and architectural features - Energy conscious design - Natural ventilation & air flow in and around buildings -Natural lighting & energy - Computer aided design and applications.

ARC 206 Human Sciences in Architecture (4+0)

Objective : A look at architecture within the framework of human sciences.

Contents : The history of human sciences in architecture - Human theories and society formation - Environment relationship - Perception, behavior & culture - Behavior and the built environment -Human needs in relation to social concepts - Humanities in contemporary architecture - Sampling, data gathering and social research tools - Applied behavioral research.

ARC 207 Design Methods (4+0)

Objective : To improve design capabilities through the understanding of traditional, new and advanced design methods.

Contents : The design process programmed preparation, needs and determinants, project/problem analysis, objective definition, concept development, Alternative evaluation - Tools and techniques - Applications - Computers in design

ARC 208 History and Theories of Town Planning (4+0)

Objective : To define the factors affecting human settlements in various civilizations, throughout history.

Contents : The following periods shall be studied :

Human settlements - Ancient African Kmt - Greek and Roman civilizations - The Middle Ages - Islamic middle ages -Industrial revolution - Utopias.

Town planning :

Introduction goals and objectives - Existing African Kmt towns; general characteristics and problems.

Exercises : Research assignments.

STR 211 (A&B) Reinforced Concrete and Steel Structures (3+2)

Objective: To acquaint the student with design principles of concrete and steel structures.

Reinforced Concrete : Fundamentals of reinforced concrete structures - Analysis and design of sections subjected to bending - Loads and load distribution - Reinforcement details of beams - Solid slabs - Columns - stairs - Statically determinate frames - Ribbed and hollow block slabs - Paneled Beam slabs - Flats slabs - Connections of precast concrete structural elements.

Steel Structures : Structural systems - Design loads - Design of members subjected to axial forces, flexure, or shear - Design of bolted and welded connections - Structural details for trusses and frames - Details of connections - Steel buildings.

Third Year

ARC 301 Architectural Design (3) (6+0)

Objective : To introduce the student to the architectural design of complex, multi functional buildings comprising wide span elements.

Contents : Programmed studies, data collection and analysis. Realizing architectural design for multi functional buildings and groups of buildings, taking into consideration internal and external space studies. Visual relations of the group of buildings and their conformity with the general layout and context, the design should comprise major elements having wide structural spans. Provision for natural lighting and ventilation. Technical means of artificial lighting and environmental control. Architectural modeling and three dimensional designs.

ARC 302 History and Theories of Architecture and Arts (3) (3+0)

Objective : To enhance links between history & theory of architecture and history of Art.

History of architecture:

Objective : the study of the philosophical & conceptual framework of Islamic architecture.

Contents : Comparative analysis of examples from the Islamic periods in the African world: north African invasionsand the occupation of what became Egypt.

History of Art :

Objective : the Study of the artistic & aesthetic developments throughout history.

Contents : Prehistoric art - Ancient African Kmt (later Egyptian) Art - Mesopotamian and Classical art - Renaissance and modern painting - art and architecture : relations, merits and drawbacks.

Theories of architecture :

Objective : The course aims at studying the various architectural movements in the 19th century as an introduction to modern & contemporary architecture.

Contents : Kmtic architecture and directions - the gap between architecture and construction - the move towards eclecticism - crossing the gap in Africa and the Diaspora.

ARC 303 Execution Designs and Construction Methods (5+0)

Objective : To study the means of developing a preliminary design into integrated execution designs.

Contents : wide span structures and constructions:

Different construction materials and architectural detail - Facing materials, cladding and finishes for skeleton structures - Metallic sections for fenestrations and partitions - Materials and finishes of stairs - Preparation of complete working drawings for project execution - (architectural drawings and details, structural elements, plumbing and sanitary drawings, electrical drawings and technical installations).

ARC 304 Project Management (4+0)

Objective : To introduce project management methods in architectural design and execution problem solving, within the framework of potentials and resources, and limitations of time and cost.

Contents :

Introduction to project management :

Objective hierarchy - Task distribution - Design flow charts - Critical organization methods and temporal bar charts - Principles of construction management - Execution programmers and schedules - Finance and monetary flow.

Methods and stages of decision making :

Decision making process - Conceptions and criteria of evaluation - Evaluation criteria relative weighting - Evaluation nets utilization - Principles and application of operations research and other techniques.

ARC 305 Technical Installations and Sanitary Engineering (6+0)

Objective : To study design principles and specifications of artificial control for the building's interior systems.

Contents : Energy and the thermal environment - Environmental indicators - Thermal comfort criteria and indices - Heat transfer, storage and insulation - Air conditioning and ventilation - Heating and cooling loads - Central distribution and package units - Mechanical ventilation - Heating appliances and systems - Artificial lighting mechanism - Light sources and luminance design - Nature of acoustics - Weighted pressure levels - Sound analysis - Comfort and noise indices - Acoustic design and noise control - Hydraulic services: water supply, sewerage, sewer and rainwater drainage - Sanitary installations - Fire fighting, solid waste disposal, Electrical supply and distribution, Costs, maintenance and integrated design.

ARC 306 Town Planning and Housing (4+0)

Objective : To understand the general problems of town planning and housing, with reference to the Egyptian context and applications of related approaches.

Contents :

Principal studies : Town planning and housing problems in Egypt - socio-economic, culture and physical frameworks - approaches and conceptions of alternative solutions.

Planning studies :

- The city and its region as a planning unit - Theories of comprehensive and incremental planning - Applications on existing and new communities - Land use theory and principles - Housing areas and communities - Open spaces - Central business district - Community facilities - Industrial areas - Circulation network.

Housing studies :

- Housing approaches, processes, patterns and housing types - Development and design of housing areas - Socio-economic and environmental factors

Exercises : planning

- survey and evaluation of the planning problems of an existing area - use of results in the development of a new area.

Housing :

- Development study of an integrated urban residential area

PBW 311-1 Soil Mechanics & Foundations (4+0)

Objective : To study soil characteristics and mechanics, and the selection and design of foundations.

Contents : Soil properties - Soil classification - Soil compaction - Stresses in soil - Soil compressibility - Theory of consolidation - Lateral earth pressure - Design of shallow foundations - Pile foundations - Retaining walls - Site investigations and selection of suitable foundations.

Fourth Year

ARC 401 Architectural Design (4) (6+0)

Objective : Enhancing the student's architectural thoughts through training on different design approaches.

Contents : Analytical study of design alternatives for public and residential projects, to reach architectural and urban forms & configurations together with the appropriate design alternatives to satisfy: design, functional, structural, visual, and environmental determinants; applying the relevant building codes and regulations - The projects are to combine complex features and urban dimensions related to practice & local context, presentation will apply professional techniques and modeling.

ARC 402 History and Theories of Architecture (4) (4+0)

Objective : The study aims at reviewing the different stages of the development of philosophical and architectural movements in the 20th century.

Contents : Pre-international school - art nouveau and organic architecture - international architecture in Germany, France and Holland - interwar period - technological progress, post 2nd world war - human period - environmental architecture in Egypt and the world - The primitive, vernacular and heritage oriented - post modern architecture - future expectations - scientific and cultural changes.

ARC 403 Execution Designs and Documents (6+0)

Objective : Training on preparation of complete set of execution designs and documents for projects, and introduction of building regulations, through undertaking a full set of execution designs for a given project comprising wide spans pre-designed by the student during the third year (ARC 301).

Contents : General conditions, tenders and tender study, contract documents and payment certificates, quantity surveying on site measuring techniques - general specifications, materials and labor cost analysis.

Work schedules and critical path methods - computer aided quantities and specifications (introduction) - building laws, legislations and regulations - studies and applications.

ARC 404 Urban Design (4+0)

Objective : Introducing urban design in natural and man-made context and the development of the student skills to apply various urban design approaches in Egyptian settings.

Contents : Urban design : definitions and interrelations with architecture and planning & other disciplines - approaches and conceptions of urban design - culture, nature & perception as a basis for design principles.

The city's spatial form : character, components and perception - Form determinants (natural and cultural) - Urban design structures for the city - Urban spaces : components and design principles - Urban design as a development tool.

Site and Landscape analysis : natural, visual and cultural aspects & variables - components and effects - design with nature : functions & visual effects - vegetation and functions - ecological balance - design vocabulary & elements - site planning & landscaping.

An urban design project.

ARC 405 Town Planning (6+0)

Approaches & introduction to urban planning studies with emphasis on systematic planning process and analytical methods - Development of student's theoretical & practical abilities in urban planning.

Development, Planning & Settlements studies : structure plan and general plans : elements and stages of plan preparation - regional framework - physical, economic, demographic & social studies - legal framework - existing conditions: physical structure, land uses, constraints, potentials & determinants - Goals and objectives - planning alternatives - evaluation & selection - implementation and monitoring - settlement studies - sectorial studies for urban areas and components.

Studies of upgrading and improvement (of urban areas) conceptions and community development (theoretical & practical) urban planning project in an existing or a new town.

ARC 480 Graduation Project (2+0) First Term (4+0) Second Term

Objective : Formulation of integrated design solutions of architectural, urban design & physical planning dimensions, expressing the various directions and conceptions, of architectural design and thoughts.

Contents : A collective research study comprising : design determinants formulation, analysis and critiques of public buildings, comprehensive programming and comparative analysis of design alternatives and selection of the most appropriate design of architectural and urban spaces to fulfill design, functional, environmental, structural, human and cultural determinants.

An integrated design project to combine the collective outputs of the previous architectural technical & urban studies, during the program.

Elective Courses

ARC 341 Architectural Interiors (4+0)

Objective : The course aims at the enhancement of design and form generation skills of interior spaces in public and private buildings and the detailed study of internal space components together with the factors affecting its form, and to develop graphic communication and expression skills.

Contents : Interior design history - Visual perception of spaces - Space components and elements - Lighting - Acoustics - Textures - Shapes - Norms and Standards - Industrial design and furniture - Materials and fixtures - Color studies and psychology - Aesthetics of interiors - Current direction in interiors design - Private and public interiors - Environmental design requirements - Integration of interiors and exteriors - Research studies and applications - Presentation techniques and expression skills.

ARC 342 Architecture, Civilization & Heritage ( 4+0)

Objective : To enhance and secure the student's background and grasp of the realms and scope of humanities & social and cultural studies with emphasis on the relationship between socio-cultural contexts and architecture, with reference to the issues of : local culture, architectural heritage, local, indigenous and regional architecture.

Contents : Cultural context definition: features and characteristics - Methodology and principles of identification - descriptive, functional and structural methods and approaches - Social interaction and the built environment; Perception, environmental images and behavioral patterns, architecture vs environment - Architecture as a cultural expression - Examples and analytical studies - Humanities' conceptions and the design processes - Privacy - Crowding - Territoriality - Belonging - Enclosure - Cultural expression and socio - cultural patterns - Regional architecture, local, national and international levels - Regional and architectural expression - Determinants and influencing factors - Classification of regional expression - Architectural heritage, Egypt: Analysis - Vocabulary - Addressing heritage, literature and directions - Analysis & applications.

ARC 343 Housing in Developing Countries (4+0)

Objective : To introduce the problems of housing and housing areas in developing countries and to present the various approaches to deal with these problems with emphasis on the complex nature of development activities and the importance of social, cultural and economic aspects as well as the roles of users and local communities in its success.

Contents : Developing nations and definitions - The development process - Physical aspects of development - Housing crisis in a developing nation - The case of Egypt - Housing context - Physical aspects - Socio-cultural aspects - Economic parameters - Administrative and organizational aspects - Qualitative and quantitative housing analysis - Informal housing: features, dynamics and potentials - Users and community roles - Approaches for housing: Review and evaluation - Theories and directions - Housing area development: Political, administrative and organizational frame work - Sites and environments - Economics of housing development - Participation and enablement - Planning of housing areas - Basic planning units - Traditional and developed patterns - parcellization - Appropriate Housing types - Site organization - External spaces - Space as a resource - Integration of spaces - Examples, applications and research studies.

ARC 344 Environmental Design & Planning and Energy (4+0)

Objective : To enhance and develop environmental design and planning skills, with emphasis on the tools and techniques to support architectural and planning form generation processes to introduce solar and natural energy & pollution control studies together with integrated systems in and around buildings.

Contents : Environmental levels and settings review - Climatic regions in Egypt: Features, design and development recommendations - Integrated environmental design - Energy conservation principles - Comfort indicators and human needs - Ecological systems - Environmental protection: Desertification, moving sand, coastal protection, storm water - pollution & pollution control - Environmental factors in site planning and development: sun and thermal environment - Architectural aerodynamics - Lighting - Non fossil and natural energy - Solar energy: methods and performance - Uses and applications, calculation and feasibility - Design criteria - Integrated environmental systems, internal and external: principles and performance improvement. Case studies.

ARC 345 Building Technology and Construction Systems (4+0)

Objective : To introduce: building methods advanced and developed construction systems and applications, execution technology, industrialization (in site and in factories), economics of the various construction systems and prefabrication.

Contents : Technology concepts and definitions - Historical background - Building technology in sites - Mechanical methods - Machinery - Mechanical execution - Prefabrication technology: principles and approaches - Mass production and prefabrication - Construction systems selection - Systems integrations and overlapping - System design - Industrialization and execution - Cost analysis and tendering - Feasibility - Flexibility - Finishes - Contracting and tendering alternatives - Industrialization and site works - Transportation and storage.

ARC 346 Urban renewal and Upgrading (4+0)

Objective : To introduce conceptions and approaches of urban renewal and upgrading with emphasis on maximization of benefits of the potentials of the existing built environment and its human and physical resources.

Contents : The introduction & evaluation of local and international experience in urban upgrading and improvement - Analysis of the fabric of existing towns - The problems of existing urban fabric - The causes and manifestations of urban degradation - Socio cultural aspects - The various cases of urban areas and the methods & techniques of improvement - Renewal and upgrading processes - Local aspects of renewal and upgrading - Development - Rehabilitation - Improvement and upgrading - Preservation and conservation - Examples, Application studies and detailed plans.

ARC 441 Architectural Criticism (4+0)

Objective : To introduce the tools and methods of architectural criticism and to review examples of its schools and directions : output, critics and key workers, to enhance evaluation skills and the ability to express them orally, graphically and in writing.

Contents : Conceptions and definitions - Criticism evaluation and improvement - The nature, function and importance of architectural criticism - History of architectural criticism - Schools and directions. Architectural criticism process: Data - Description, Documentation and Recording - Review and analysis - Hypothesis - Criteria and Evaluation basis - Evaluation - Output. Evaluation criteria - Subjective and societal values and criteria - Qualitative and quantitative criteria - variability and change. Criticism and evaluation of architectural processes and products; Approaches - Competitions - The work of leading architects - Landmarks and key works - Examples, application and case studies.

ARC 442 Aesthetics and Form Generation (4+0)

Objective : To enhance theoretical conception and directions towards architectural aesthetics, forms and spaces and to link it to historic and contemporary architectural work with emphasis on local experience and the relation between form and aesthetics on one hand and socio-cultural and physical contexts and the environmental and societal profiles on the other.

Contents : Aesthetic Values - Thoughts, Philosophies and Directions - Types and patterns of architectural spaces : Case studies and examples - Islamic Architecture : Selected case studies - Change & Development & Space conceptions - Functional directions and space conceptions. Tools, skills and approaches to form generation - Design of spaces - Classification of spaces - Space components - Design processes: Concept, Structure and Development - The issue of building - Applications and applied research.

ARC 443 Computers in Architecture (4+0)

Objective : To introduce the potentials of computers in architecture and planning together with the tools, techniques and applications to enable efficient use during the different design phases, including: programming, analysis, evaluation, two and three dimensional presentation as well as calculations.

Contents : Introduction to computers : Components, operations and potentials - Programming and languages - Problem identification and users needs.

Computer aided architectural design and Programming: Data bases - Word processing - Spread sheets & charts - Graphics - Computers and design : programmers - Alternatives formulation and evaluation - Preliminary designs - Detailed and execution drawings - Specification and bills of quantities - Project management.

Computers in research : data analysis and presentation, graphics, report production.

Examples and application : CAD, structural analysis, environmental analysis, three dimensional presentation, editing.

ARC 444 Building Economy (4+0)

Objective : To study the economic aspects of buildings and environs, to understand cost elements during design execution, operation and demolition phases and to present means and techniques of cost control in the building process. Introducing feasibility studies for architectural projects and its elements.

Contents : National economic context and its effect on the building industry and works - Cost studies - Preliminary estimation - Tendering investment alternatives and evaluation - Economic life and reuse - Operations research - Finance control - Building management, maintenance and demolition - Finance control - Cost benefit analysis - Project evaluation - evaluation of sites, Preliminary feasibility and feasibility studies - Marketing, finance and technical feasibility - Feasibility during and post execution - Computer aided techniques - Case studies and applications.

ARC 445 Urban and Environmental Conservation (4+0)

Objective : To introduce the conception of urban conservation to the heritage areas in towns with reference to limited resource communities. To emphasize the conceptions and techniques of contextual planning and architecture.

Contents : The conception, tools and techniques of environmental conservation and planning frameworks - Conservation principles - Continuity and change balance - Objectives and priorities - Survey of heritage area - Listed buildings; criteria and classification - Designation of conservation areas - Formulation of conservation policies and plans - Preservation policies - Development control - Urban character - Problem areas - Mixed and housing areas - Design of infill. Development control tools : Socio cultural aspects - On heritage - Economies of conservation - Public participation - Case studies and applications. Environmental conservation: context definition - Objectives and tools - Comprehensive plans - Natural and scenic resources - Environmental impact - Historic landmarks - Conservation programmers & levels - Case and sectorial studies - Development versus environment relations - Regulations and control - New techniques.

ARC 446 Rural communities Design and Development (4+0)

Objective : To introduce the integrated approach for design and development of rural communities within historic, physical, social and economic determinants, framework emphasizing the role of the village as a productive unit.

Contents : Introducing the approach of rural community design and development and conceptions and its relation to social and economic aspects - The development of the economic, social and physical role and function of the Egyptian village - Existing conditions - Features, constants and variables - Development method as a physical and economic framework - Development processes: formal and popular roles and balance - Physical community design and development: processes and components - Formal versus popular organizations and action - Management and implementation processes - Local and historic examples and models - Monitoring and evaluations - Rural communities planning and design studies - Execution plans - Applications and detailed studies.

OTHER COURSES

ARC 212 Building Construction & Urban Planning and Design (3+1)

Methods of building construction: traditional methods mechanized methods, pre-cast methods - Arch drawing and details - Building construction processes - Foundation - Insulation - Stairs - Roofs - Walls - Plaster - Floors - Electrical and plumbing services.

ARC 312 Town Planning and Housing (4+2)

Studies of development, planning, and housing - General layout - Natural, economic, demographic, and social studies - Settlement studies - Concepts of improvement, upgrading, and development of communities.

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