SECTION 1: CONTEXT
Modern Science: Building on the Best of Human Spirit
Careful assessment
of African history and world history from antiquity through the epoch of continuous destructive European and Arab invasions
reveals a deep cultural genetic linkage.
From ancient KMT's (Egypt's) impact on
the culture of the rest of the African continent to the sum total of indigenous African scientific history before the invasions,
there is a fractured, but reconstructable continuity. Ancient African KMT is the major Black classical society, existing
in African classical period and functioning for African people in the same manner as Ancient Greece functions for Europe.
Although Immanuel Kant, Karl Marx, Isaac Newton had nothing to do with the lands that produced Aristotle and Plato, still
Europeans trace their intellectual genealogies to them and their contemporaries. There is no direct linkage between
Germany, France, Spain, Russia, or England and Ancient Greece; yet, many of those linkages are imaginatively and often fraudulently
drawn on an "Aryan" cultural template that values ancient Greece as a supreme White cultural paradigm and a standard
by which all subsequent western developments are judged. Indeed, cultural legacy is so important---so fundamental to
the maintenance of civilization---that some groupings have made up their antiquity and have therefore built intellectual and
moral houses of cards on shifting sands.
Africans have a real (but fractured) cultural
relationship with ancient African KMT, but have wastefully failed to not unearth, redeem, resurrect or restore this fundamental
necessity of life. Why else do most Africans have White and Arab names, clothing, architecture, religions, family organization,
governmental systems, holidays, calendars, education, philosophies, science, theory, method, hair styles, habits, beliefs
rather than independently rooting their very existence on their great ancient KMTic foundation? Why else do most African-centered
thinkers waste whole careers trying to prove that Africans helped to build white (Greek, Roman, Christian, European), and
Arab civilizations (civilizations that ultimately invaded and destroyed indigenous African Civilizations) instead of focusing
on the necessary redemption, resurrection, and rebuilding of African civilization using KMT as its foundation?
If intellectual and practical self-reliance is a necessary goal of any liberated population, essentially,
modern African researchers must restore their own worldview, critically cleansing it and linking it to its indigenous African
roots. Traditionally, in the resurrection of modern African centered thought scientific assessment of reality are dominated
by mystical incantations of obsolete speculative christian-islamic dogma who's scope rarely leaves the idealistic discussion
of abstract spirit, religion, white critiques of history and god-allah. In short, when in doubt fill in your thoughts
with religious mess created by the oppressors. After 500 or so years of direct enslavement with no help, this type of
chicanery/mental laziness should have been ended. It was not. Each generation produces its soothsayers moonlighting
as leaders. Facing genocide, the present generation of African youth do not have time to waste on their knees looking
up to fabrications of whites and Arabs. In fact most of them do not even listen to the mess of their confused prior
generations who are steeped in slave ideas and practice. Imagine a Black man walking around with the name Akbar calling
another Black person a slave who is walking around with the name Tom. Both have slave names, both have not broken with their
oppressor in something as simple, yet important, as a name.
We
have wasted enough time groveling. We should return to our source, the best of our source, the brightest, ancient African
Kmt. But must have not heeded Diop's last call to establish Kmt as the foundation of Black world life and renaissance.
They purport to create ideas from the sky, from white and arab gods the whites and arabs made up in their own image and interests.
They then fashion these conjured ideas in terms of a logical and timeless order of necessity, not in terms of the succession
of material , objective and yet temporal reality. Their views have yet to even leave kindergarten stories made up by
children not fully aware that there are no tooth fairies, and ghosts: the material world of matter, space and time for them
have all been devolved into appearance and ideal concepts as opposed to real developing actual processes. Instead of
showing an incompatibility between any revolutionary ethics and an objective idealism which sanctified the existing order
with ambiguous formulae about the identify of the real and the rational, they cowardly cling to hopes that a god figure conjured
up by their very oppressors hold the key to their understanding of objective reality. The result of this procedure is
to make the familiar appear to be mysterious product of the ghostly conjugation of categories. This is not thought.
This certainly is not research.
Instead of starting with the familiar and working out the
logical categories involved in ordinary experience, they to deduce the character of ordinary experience from presumably simple
and necessary logical truths. What should be the point of departure becomes a mystical result and what should
be a rational result becomes a mystical point of departure. They do not understand that the existence of a thing is
as intelligible, rational, objective, accurate, and clear as it is discovered to be. It is the subject of all possible
attributes which may be predicated of it but is not therefore merely they systematic totality of such predicates. The
more we know about its attributes, the more we know about the thing. But the existence of the thing does not depend
upon the order in which we learn of its attributes nor upon their subsistence in some nontemporal realm of being. One
should never attempt to deduce the historical succession of things in time from he immanent development of ideas out of time.
From existence we get to logic and not necessarily the other way around.
Today, African
scientists must study and critically assimilate the modern achievements of science, synthesize the positive achievements in
human knowledge and, in particular, critically absorb the rational elements of the best that Western Civilization and science
have offered the world. Next, the African-centered scientist must methodically KMTize (based on the cultural foundation
laid by KMT) this accumulated scientific information with indigenous African language, symbols, names, concepts and meanings.
From such a synthesis, the fractured modern system of alien thought that dominates African attitudes and behaviors can be
discarded and replaced with an indigenous new African scientific worldview synthesized with the best that the modern world
has to offer.
The principle of using antecedents, building upon the best
that human science and spirit has to offer, and a will toward justice translated into research methods means to menially reproduce
an object in thought in all its objectivity and concreteness by cognizing it in development in its accurate history.
The patterns of nature demand that an inherently unobservable realm temporarily exists. Many have called this the spirit
realm. However, that which is measurable must be carefully measured even thought it is clear that science can never
know all and absolute truth is unattainable.
For over one hundred years, European science
has sought to discover the ultimate make-up of the physical world by searching for nature's ultimate building blocks.
Atoms were believed to be the fundamental units of all things living and dead in the universe until it was discovered that
they were made up of subatomic elementary particles. Later high-energy scientists theorized about the existence of even
smaller subdivisions of matter called quarks. In their view, structure---not process---is the primary goal of scientific
study.
In ancient KMT science, however, process and synthesis, and struggle
and complement of opposites are more important. To abstract a phenomenon or object one must split it up mentally
into its properties, relationships, pieces, parts, and stages of development. At the same time, the construction of
the concrete in thought proceeds on the basis of synthesis, the unifying of the various properties and relationships discovered
both in the given object. Essentially, KMT developed a logical system of "crossed-paralleled pair processing"
to study phenomena in their natural process of birth, death, and rebirth. These unified opposites were in struggle,
but they also complemented each other from the beginning of the process to its end. Throughout this book, this logic
is applied in an element-by-element, step-by-step, stage-by-stage, concept-by-concept process. This is the Maat
method of African scientific research.
The following method section therefore will be written
as a process moving from matter/antimatter to the primary four primary modern research designs in use in the social science.
The assessment of research methods, therefore, starts at the very beginning of the thought process, proceeding from matter
and antimatter to objective conditions, sense organs, the human subject, reflection, reflection via human brain process of
human cognition, and the eight stages of human cognition.
SECTION
2---OBJECTIVE CONDITIONS
INDEPENDENT OF THOUGHT AND IT'S SUBJECTIVE
MENTAL REFLEX IN HUMANS
Matter and Antimatter (Objective Reality)
Science studies regularity in nature by moving beyond the level of a phenomena's external appearance
to uncover its tendencies, patterns structure and function by minimizing the inherent cumbrousness of optimally explaining
multi-dimensional phenomena as either apriori or concomitantly. Its task is to "put reality to the test",
and in the process explain the what's, why's, and how's of physical and social phenomena. No theory, technical
concept, mathematical procedure, or statistical equation or mathematical procedure alone is scientific unless it makes empirical
facts, theory and hypotheses intelligible. Because all science would be superfluous if things were as they appeared,
the internal essence of phenomena (the way things work) may not directly coincide with its outward appearance (the way things
look). Different forms of reality require different means of description. For that reason, a diversity of scientific
disciplines and research methodologies are therefore necessary to reflect this variety. Each method of viewing reality,
has overtime evolved into entire branches of science complete with philosophy, theory, method, statistical procedures, terminology,
and techniques of interpretation and explanation.
The range of present factual knowledge
of matter and antimatter extends from within the microscopic universe, 10-13cm (the core of the nucleon, sub-quantum
mechanic fields) to outside the Hubble telescopic universe, 1021cm (over 15 billion light years away). Theoretically,
matter and antimatter within this limit can be described objectively, although incompletely.[1] In the social sciences as in the physical sciences, matter is that objective reality that exists outside
and independent of consciousness and are reflected by it. Objective realities unfold in history and are, overtime, independently
verified as experiences, then as facts, data, empirical constructs called variables, and statistics. Psychologists,
philosophers, linguists, criminologists, physicists, political scientists, biologists, sociologists, anthropologists, historians,
chemists, economists, computer scientists, or literary scholars study elements of this reality. Each field of science
does its job of theoretically replicating reality in its own historically evolved way. Each cultural or ethnic group
communicates science in its own linguistic and symbolic form.
Replicating the human thought
process even its skeletal form is difficult. Yet, the nomenclature already used in sophisticated arguments concerning
distinctions, paradoxes and thought parameters reflective of the recursive nature of human cognition is fairly well known
(but perhaps not fully understood).
- § Psychology studies human thought as a process
of cognition evolving out of acquired or inherited environmental and biological variables impacting perception, personality,
emotions, and intelligence reflected in attitudes and behaviors.
- § Criminology studies
human cognition in conjunction with lawbreaking by investigating criminal motive as a basis establishing variable patterns
and socio-psychological predictors. Philosophy examines thought in algorithmic categories embodied in rules and operations
of logical cognition correlating ontology, epistemology and laws of formal logic.
- § Ethology
studies the evolution of thought in organic life forms, principally in the animal kingdom.
- §
History documents chronologically, and logically the "products" or end results of thought in its material and spiritual
forms such as in art, technology, science, religion, culture, and civilization.
- § Biology
examines the anatomical evolutionary processes of organic matter which have increased the capacities for thought in life forms.
- § Artificial intelligence studies human thought by technologically modeling human thought
processes via advanced robotic computerized operations.
- § Aesthetics examines the creative
product of thought for the cultural and sensuous value of its perceptual and artistic form and content.
- § Psychopathology examines human cognition thru the prism of mental disorder, abnormal behavior and retardation.
- § Linguistics measures and describes the interconnection between culture, social interaction,
language, conceptual constructs, and the process of creative thought through the medium of symbols.
- § Sociology of knowledge can trace the intricate modern day relationships of empirical and theoretical, symbolic
and interactional, subjective and objective, and the social and psychological elements of thought.
- §
Neurophysiology investigates thought process through brain physiology, cerebral substratum mechanisms, frontal lobe wave modeling.
All engage in data reduction by the use of concepts, categories, facts, data, hypotheses,
theories, and inferences to reflect human thought. The issue however is one of understanding how the process of research
in each field ultimately arrives at a decision to define reality in a certain way. All empiricist social science engages
in this form of data reduction.
In the past, social reality is neatly defined and redefined
based on appeals to authority (the literature), sometimes faith (in famous sociologists), and intuition (posited testable
hypotheses based on socially constructed variables) into manageable series of variables which are measured as a means to answer
research questions. This process of transforming people, places, and things into variables that later take the form
of numbers with comparable meanings, levels of significance, and scalable interpretations, creates the context and condition
for quantity and quality of data selection, they then define the data; next, they assign value to its meaning, finally producing
theory that guides future research from skeletal linear models which merely display a handful of many hundred micro and macro
variables as definitive variable relationships. Social researchers to carefully identify, isolate, and capture these
natural and historical processes in their entirety (or a representative sample of them) and thus become a reflection---a mental
replication in the language of symbols, concepts and numbers---of this objective reality, ultimately arriving at what is called
truth in some relative or absolute form. In a nutshell, truth is knowledge that accurately corresponds to reality.
Whereas, delusion, invalidity, and distortion does not correspond to reality, or is at best a partial correspondence.
In the social realm, the goal of a scientific research project is incremental correspondence of knowledge to some small portion
or element of social reality with statistics acting as a conceptual organizing instrument of human reflection, appended to
human sense organs, senses and the brain.
Within this context, scientific inquiry has emerged
over many millennia and has span many continent and cultures. It has progressed unceremoniously from blind appeals to
tradition and authority in antiquity to philosophical reasoning according to rules of formal logic. From logic to intuitive
thought to mathematical representation generated by induction, science reached a point of operational maturity. From
data to hypotheses tested by matching theory against data to controlled experimental assessments within laboratory environments,
modern science became concerned with transforming concepts into variables, variables into data and data into to empirical
answers to hypotheses (concepts-variables-data-answers to research questions). In it's most elementary form this
is a process of isolation, definition, conceptualization, classification, and organization of sense data.[2]
At any elementary stage of gaining knowledge (i.e., sense data), a deepening
process is obtained chiefly by separating individual facts from their general connection and by studying them independent
of each other. These concepts, in their qualitative or quantitative form (variables), then are defined and a means of
measuring them is established at the stage of operationalization. Next the data are collected using a suitable research
design, then analyzed with the appropriate statistical procedure when a quantitative answer is sought. In a similar
fashion, statistical analysis is a process of turning words into numbers, numbers into equations and formulas, formulas into
procedures involving numbers, and then ironically numbers after statistical analysis become words again as findings are reported.
In short, words become numbers, and numbers after statistical analysis become words again as findings are reported.
At its best, scientific empirical research is the systematic investigation of objective phenomena
in such a way in which information is collected meticulously for the purpose of answering research questions, examining ideas,
exploring and explaining phenomena, or testing theories. Measurement is central to science. Numbers are central
to measurement; they label, order, and condense objective reality transforming qualities into quantities using symbols.
The symbols have meaning; those meanings lend themselves to mathematical operations; those operations
are carried out within a set of procedures, mixed in with formulas and equations, with the results summarized into tables,
charts, figures, and graphs. As such, mathematics is cumulative, each element building on the foundation of the less
complex one before it. One formula or one equation is essentially worth a hundred words. A hundred complex formulas
translated into words and sentences could fill a small library.
The purpose of scientific
empirical research in any branch of science is to answer research questions, examine relationships, explore and explain phenomena,
or testing theories. Measurement is central to empirical research. It is manifested in conceptual, formal, and
empirical procedures. Numbers are central to measurement; they label, order, and condense objective reality transforming
qualities into quantities using symbols. Statistics applied to social science research links numbers with social phenomena
(people and the things they do) in order to answer research questions in numerical terms then express results in a narrative
or written form. Without numerical exactitude expressed in symbols, research of social phenomena reducible to observable
fact would lack precision and therefore revert to approximations.
In sum, the earth
(which at one time existed in a condition that no organic life could have survived on it) is merely one fluid and ever-moving
planet in this solar system.
The sun, which is a the center of the solar system,
is merely one blazing celestial star in a teeming system of hundreds of billions of stars forming this galaxy, and this galaxy
itself is one of billions of galaxies in this metagalaxy. The latter is the sum total of massive stellar systems moving
at colossal velocities throughout space within a vast intercosmic system known as the universe. These characteristics
led necessarily at certain stages to the emergence of organic life on earth over 3.7 billion years ago, the formation of single
cell then multicellular organisms; the emergence of complex tissue-based organisms from multicellular organisms that possessed
increasingly complex inherent capacities to adapt to changing earthly conditions; the transition to invertebrates, vertebrates,
amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and primates; and then the transition to human life over 5.5 million years ago.
Human life adapted culturally and biologically to various climatic and geological conditions on earth.
This adaptation created the preconditions for the emergence of civilizations. Diop summarized this process according
to ancient KMT science and cosmogony inherent in their Theban, Memphite, Hermopolitan, and Heliopolitan systems of thought:
According to these systems, the universe was not created ex nihilo, on a given day; but there
has always existed an uncreated matter, without a beginning or an end...; this chaotic matter was, in origin, the equivalent
of non-being, because of the sole fact that it was unorganized: thus, non-being is not, here, the equivalent of nothingness,
from which would rise, no one knows how, the matter contained at the archetypal state...all the essences of the body of the
future beings that, one day, would be called into existence: sky, stars, earth, air, fire, animals, plants, human beings,
etc.
This primordial matter, the nous or the "primordial waters,"
was elevated to the level of divinity (called Nun in KMTic cosmogony). Thus, from the start, each principle
of explanation of the universe is doubled by a divinity, and as a philosophical thought developed in KMT, and more particularly
in Greece (materialistic school), the latter replaced the former.
While
matter and antimatter are the primary universal foundation of all things, and while the objects that matter and antimatter
may manifest themselves in may appear and disappear, matter and antimatter are indestructible. Each merely changes the
forms of its existence, fluidly moving from one state to another, all within the process of constantly being in motion, existing
in time and space and having mass content. Any state of reality is transient, relative, and temporary, and all processes
have a beginning and end to their existence.
This is an ever-changing process; nature
has no off days. As a result, nature has turned out to be far more complex than humans have thought. An
KMT's understanding of the cosmic soup, the ethereal mixture, the unmoved mover, the creators of creation at the foundation
of all initial uncreated matter is evermore meaningful today. Diop documents the fluid and transient nature of matter
as understood by ancient KMT cosmogony:
Primitive matter also contained the law of transformation,
the principle of the evolution of matter through time, equally considered as a divinity: Kheperu. It is the law of becoming
that, acting on matter through time, will actualize the archetypes, the essences, the beings who are therefore already created
in potentiality, before being created in actuality....Thus, carried by its own evolutionary movement, eternal matter, uncreated,
by dint of going through the stages of organization, ends up by becoming self-aware. The first consciousness thus emerges
from the primordial Nun; it is God, Ra, the demiurge...who is going to complete creation.
This objective macro and micro, material/spiritual reality is unfolding whether individuals are aware
of it or not. Science, theory, and research methods attempt to reproduce this objective reality as to establish theoretical
laws for describing the real-life expression of the phenomena.
Reflection and Objective
Reality's Manifold Forms in Nature
The above objective reality produces its
own subjective forms in nature, and in humans via their sense organs and brain. All physical sciences concur that the earth
at one time existed in a condition that human beings or any other form of life could have existed on it. Organic matter
on the earth is a later phenomenon and takes the form, therefore, of DNA and RNA molecules as vehicles of heredity, complexes
of protein molecules, single cells, multiple cells, tissue-based complex organisms, organs, functional systems (neural, blood
circulation, digestive, gas exchange, etc.), the organism as a whole, families of organism, colonies, various populations---
(species, biological communities, and the whole biosphere) are later phenomenon. These forms are the end product of
long and methodical developmental processes of over 4 billion years.
All matter/antimatter
has the characteristic of reflection (in some mediated form); it embraces the whole infinite variety and diversity of objects
in nature and exists as objective reality, which is all around us, and is reflected by human sense organs, imprinted, copied,
transformed into sense data, and translated into forms of thought. Reflection is the property of objects to reproduce
in one way or another the specific of other bodies which influence them. There are numerous types of reflection.
There is reflection in inanimate/inorganic nature which takes the form of mechanical reflection,
for example, teeth prints in an apple; physical reflection, which takes the form of reflection of objects in a mirror or on
stainless steel; and chemical reflection, which takes the form of molecular reactions of association and disassociation.
There is reflection in animate/organic nature, which is biological, resulting in the human organism's phenotypic adaptation
to different climatic and geological environments.
Animate/organic reflection takes
several forms, including the following: irritability, for example, trees being drawn toward the photosynthesizing rays of
the sun; conditioned and unconditioned reflexes and instincts, for example, sex, hunger for food, self-defensiveness, care
for off-spring, building and other instincts and reflexes which ensure the survival of the species; and elementary animal
psyche, for example, embryonic rational activity, perception, representation. There is also conscious human reflection
of reality in the human brain that takes the form of irritation, sensation, perception, representation, imagination, visual,
auditory, gustatory, olfactory, logical cognition, concepts, judgment, and inferences. Although our sense organs can
perceive only an insignificant aspect of these realities actually existing forms of matter, but because of the advances in
technological sense enhancements, visual instruments, sound instruments and measuring apparatus, humans are constantly extending
the frontiers of the known world.
Reflection via the Human Brain
Human brain activity resembles holography, a photographic-like process. Cognition therefore can be seen as
a symbolic mental mirror reflection of objective reality in some mediated form. Physiology of higher human nervous activity
and neuropsychiatry consistently has shown that human cognition, however supra sensuous, are the end result of one's brain.
The brain is the central organizer of sense data and thought matter. It consists of the cerebrum; spinal cord system;
subcortical layers; occipital, temporal, and sincipatal aspects of the cerebral cortex; and the frontal lobes. The forebrain
and uppermost section of the cerebrum are directly connected with the mental life of animals and humans. Various nuclei
relay sensory signals to the forebrain and create automatic responses to certain stimuli.
The thalamus regulates interpretation and relaying of sensory information. The hippocampus organizes the formation
of new memories. The cerebral cortex structures the analysis of sensory information and controls voluntary movements,
abstract thinking, and other complex cognitive activity. The corpus callosum transfers information between the two cerebral
hemispheres. The brain, therefore, is the organ of control; that is, it is the system that coordinates the activity
of the various organs and regulates the relationships of the organism with its environment. It is, however, the
frontal lobe of the brain that is most significant to human cognitive development. Being the youngest and most advanced
aspect of the cerebral cortex, the frontal lobe consistently distinguishes human beings in mental and physiological terms
from lower animals.
Human consciousness, the psychic and the cognitive reproduction
of some aspect of reality in the form of images, is therefore a historical product of the development of the human brain.
The human brain is more advanced than that of lower animals in relative size, quality, structure, and capacity.
The developed cerebral hemisphere and the exceedingly complex furrows and convolutions in its structure
enhance the cognitive and psychic capacities of humans in comparison to other animals. This is measurable in the significant
number of nerve cells, perhaps 20,000,000,000, in the human cerebral cortex. Each enjoining nerve cell is connected
with 15,000 others, which gives the human brain the capacity to perform up to 5,000,000 impulses in 1/1000 of a second.
Everything that sets women and men in motion must first be processed through one's sense
organs into one's brain and then temporarily stored in memory. If rehearsed, the impressions are moved to short
term memory; if not rehearsed the impressions decay and are lost; if rehearsed and stored in short term memory impressions,
in an elaborate process can be stored and retrieved until possibly permanently imprinted in long-term memory.
Ideas are then essentially the objective world reflected by the human brain and transformed
into forms of symbolic thought. Our consciousness, therefore, is merely an image, a mediated reproduction and response
to the external world. How does the matter of the brain produce a subjective reflection or new phenomena? This
is no easy question. It is a scientific problem uniting the effort of psychology, neurophysiology, neuromorphology,
biophysics, biochemistry, neurocyberetics, psychoneurology, and psychopharmacology. Essentially then, the brain first
stores sense data before it cognitively interprets its. The brain, psychic interpretation of sense data, and consciousness
serve as the basis for human cognition.
Process of Human Cognition
From the analysis of reflection in the human mind, it appears that human thought is a simple process. It is
not. Replicating the human thought process is one of the most difficult scientific research objectives in the world
today. Human cognition cannot be reduced to the physicist approach which applies physicist's monism, that is, the
belief that the world in its entirety is the totality of physical processes and no more and, hence, that all knowledge has
its basis in physics and purely physico-chemical terms.
The reductionist physicist
approach, therefore, argues that the reduction of mental to the physical and the description of the mental as a specific cerebral
process are a matter of science, specifically neurophysiology, psychophysiology, and biochemistry. The behavioral approach
essentially regards the phenomena of consciousness, cognition, and other cerebral processes as inseparable, as if they existed
in some pristine unity, and then describes them in behavioral terms. The behavioralists stress a rigorous reductionism,
although they too stress the unity of the mental and the physiological, studying the behavioral response and its dependence
on corresponding physiological processes in the brain and in the nervous system as a whole. This is, however, not enough
to explain spiritual energies and relationships between will and justice, the known and the unknown.
The functionalist approach uses information theory, semiotic, artificial intelligence, and other systematic
approaches to encompass mental and neurophyiolocal phenomena in single conceptual models. But they too are limited because
they separate but never reconstruct the integrated conceptual conditions that led to the single conceptual models for the
neurophysiological expression of such higher mental properties. Considering these and other difficulties, scientists
generally agree that there are levels of human thought initiated at the stage of irritation on one's sense organs.
Here we outline an eight-stage process of human cognition, moving from irritation, sensation,
perception, representation, imagination, conception, judgment to inference. From the sensory level of thought to the
logical level, human beings begin to form individual attitudes and behaviors based on objective social conditions (sex/gender,
class, race, generation, and culture). Those individual attitudes and behaviors combined form group attitudes group
behaviors, group consciousness and an overall group social psychology.
The structure
of the human brain allows it to exercise its functions of collecting sense date, building mental models, processing mental
images, collating the results of investigations, and monitoring and controlling human thoughts, attitudes, and behaviors.
This process can be outlined as follows:
STAGE 1
Irritation is the imposition of the external world, objective environmental conditions impacting
upon one's sensory organs: eyes, skin, nose, ears, and tongue.
STAGE
2
Sensation is the reflection of some properties of the objects, which
have acted upon one's sense organs and have been registered. Matter/antimatter, acting upon our sense organs produces
sensation. The mental interpretation of sense data and the external world within the brain lay the foundation
for perception.
STAGE 3
Perception
is the integral reflection of objects acting upon one's sense organs.
STAGE
4
Representation is the reproduction of the consciousness of phenomena,
which acted on the sense organs of the past.
STAGE 5
Imagination is the fantastic inflation or deflation of phenomena---the ability to represent a reality
as something other than what it essentially is in actuality.
STAGE 6
Conception is a thought reflecting the general and essential features of an object summarized in
a symbol, transformed into words which take on the meaning of the represented in one's consciousness. Concepts are the
fundamental building blocks of logical cognition. They allow humans to express ideas in the forms of symbols or in words.
Concepts, therefore, are mental constructs, and fundamental fragments of thought which select and summarize an aspect of the
observable world for theoretical summation. A series of concept form judgments, which are thought reflections
of phenomena in connection with other phenomena.
STAGE 7
Judgments are essentially a logically summarized series of concepts.
STAGE 8
Inference is a process of thinking as a result of which
a new judgment is deduced from two or more judgments. It is the process of reasoning whereby from one or several judgments,
a new premise is deduced which logically follows the synthesis of judgments.
The
transition from the judgment to the premise to the conclusion is always made according to a set of rules of logic. If
the premises are true the resulting conclusions must be if in the course of inference the laws of logic and rules of interference
are not violated. If the premises are true, the conclusion, too, must be true. A relative mirror reflection of
the process in all of its manifestations, phases, stages is not always achievable, but by creating abstractions, concepts,
judgments, inferences, and model constructs, science can approximate or come closer to reflecting the object in its mediated
totality. Obviously, there is more to thought than just thinking. Learning, emotions, formation of attitudes,
for example, all have weight in this cognitive process. Here we have merely stripped the thought process down to its
barest essentials for the purpose of process explanation. The end result of this human cognitive process is the
emergence of stored up sense data.
Sense Data
In the process
of human cognition, data ascertained from the human senses, sense data, are stored in one's memory, compared with other
sense data, and assessed on one's conscious and unconscious mental levels via a form of learning. Learning depends
on the brain's ability to associate a stimulus with a response. Learning is at the foundation of thought, which
involves the gathering and processing of knowledge which in turn implies forming and integrating mental concepts into mental
constructs of objects of thought.
Systematized thought organized for the purpose
of finding solutions to cognitive problems leads to research. The process of researching is the course of which from
one or several propositions and logical judgments, a new propositions is the conclusion or consequence, which logically follows
from these premises. All of these moments, steps, stages, phases and processes of cognition move in the direction
from the subject to the object being tested in reality and arrive through the testing at relative truth. In sum, research
begins with sense data, then moves to a problem statement, review of existing literature, establishment of a theoretical framework,
and finally the construction of an appropriate research design.
The general, universal
connection and interaction of phenomena and processes must find its reflection in the interconnection of human concepts.
The scientific concepts or system of concepts formed by researchers in the process of cognition is merely a mental reflection,
a thought reproduction of the object of study as it expresses itself in reality translated into symbolic forms of thought.
The natural world represents objective reality in all of its manifestations; this is a world that exists independently of
the minds of men and women. Therefore, a researcher must lead from abstract definition by way of logical reasoning to
the mental reproduction of the concrete conditions, and, thus, to consciousness.
Knowledge
is not inherited in any biological sense, but it is passed on from generation to another via education preserving mediums
and institution. Without concepts, humans cannot express in language their sensory experiences. This is
why there is no such thing as pure sensory contemplation. In humans it is always permeated with thought. Nor is
there any such thing as pure thought, since the latter is always connected with sensory material, even if only in the form
of images and signs. Therefore, the logical process of thought moves from definitions of the properties of the object, summing
up of previous knowledge, formation of scientific concepts, and transition from one previously attained set of knowledge to
another series of inferences.
Scientific knowledge is researched, tested, rejected, verified,
and logically summarized. Therefore, we must now isolate and extract the rational kernel---the most practically useful
aspects---of European positivist research methods that dominate the study of physical and social phenomena in the world today.
As with any process (according to KMTic cross-parallel process logic), there are some positive aspects, as well as some negative
aspects. Those aspects are in union, but also are in battle. Here we assess the positive contributions of elements
of the scientific research process to the social sciences. The negative aspect will be discussed later. This section
moves from conceptual fragments of reality, facts, empirical data, variables [CV=construct variable, IVV=intervening variable,
DV=dependent variable, IDV=independent variable, C2V=continious variable, D2V=descrete variable], conceptualization, operational
definitions, hypotheses, models, paradigms, theories [Q1=qualitiative, Q2=quantitiative form] to theoretical frameworks.
SECTION 3---PRESERVATION OF
RATIONAL KERNAL OF MODERN SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
(Logical
Thought to Theoretical Frameworks)
Conceptual Fragments of Measurable Reality
Objective realities unfold in history. Research must capture these processes in their entirety and
thus become a reflection of this objective reality. If this is accomplished successfully, the essence of the subject
matter will be mentally modeled and, therefore, reproduced as in a mirror. All scientific methods of research
are mere practical abstractions, summed up into a means of achieving a scientifically verifiable theory. Theory is summarized
practice, whatever their forms or content. Method is the step by step, systematic procedures of arriving at that theory.
If the theory is scientifically substantiated, the method has to be scientifically valid, reliable, and repeatable.
The primary process-oriented method of ancient Africans in KMT (Egypt) was to see all research
problems as processes that were unfolding in time and space. As a result, objective conditions must be precisely studied,
calculated, weighed, and measured in order to isolate the problem statement.
The
goal of scientific research, therefore, is to provide an exhaustive knowledge of the world---truth. Truth is knowledge
that accurately corresponds to objective reality. Delusion is knowledge that does not correspond to reality. There
is a content of knowledge that does not depend on human beings, for it is determined by the external world, which exists independently
of one' s ability to measure.
There are also partial correspondences of
knowledge to reality, a knowledge that will be specified in the course of further cognition. The goal therefore
of a scientific research project is full correspondence of knowledge to reality, an exhaustive knowledge of the specific object
under study, separating and synthesizing the elements, tendencies, connections, and processes as to arrive a resolution to
one's initial problem statement.
Every science makes use of certain general concepts
(categories); for example, the concepts of sense data, facts, empirical data, variables, constructs, conceptualization, deduction,
induction, operational definition, and hypothesis. In the specialized sciences we also have to do with concepts whose
content is restricted to the given sphere of research. No scientist, whether she/he is a naturalist, historian, economist,
or literary scholar, can do without summarizing the historical experiences of humanity's investigation of the world.
Scientifically documented historical experiences are the accurate raw materials of modern thought. Therefore, abstract
concepts are no substitute for studying specific processes.
Definitions operate within a
very narrow range. On the one hand, a definition is limited to acknowledging what is recognized as obvious or not in
need of special clarification or reduction to something which is even more known and obvious. On the other hand, the
realm within which definition is useful is limited to that which still has not been sufficiently studied and understood. .
Each race, gender/sex, culture, and generation looks at the world through its own complex hierarchically organized historical
prism, using technological sensory enhancements, systems of thought, and socialized intellectual coordinates peculiar to it.
In this way, all humans use facts as the fundamental building blocks of scientific research.
This
thesis is important, especially in light of the emerging struggle for the African mind, led by the idealist and positivist/mysticism
aspect of the Afrocentric movement. Today and at least for 500 years, White culture, classes, and the male sex/gender
have ruled not only the Black world, but also has ruled the ideas, the actual manifestations of thought, that Blacks have
been allowed to think and act upon. These ideas have been digested as fragments. The task is to assess these fragments
of reality and logically preserve their valuable aspects and discard their useless aspect, starting with "facts."
Facts
Facts are practically verified sense data conceptually
organized in the form events, phenomena, or fragments of reality, verified as truths. Facts refer to something that
has happened in realty and has been recorded---the knowledge of the reality of the thing. The elementary yet concrete
building blocks for conceptualizing objective reality, facts are part of the empirical world of hard, concrete, observable
phenomena that are uncontaminated by subjectively, illusions, speculation, and misconception. They are founded on systematic
description and classification of elements of a thing, object, phenomena or process.
A
fact is inseparable from the language it is expressed in and, consequently, form the terms in which the concepts are formulated.
Therefore, a fact is a verifiable truth, reflected in the human consciousness and translated into a definite theoretical language.
Systematically organized facts are the raw materials of empirical data.
Empirical Data
Empirical data are a series of systematically organized facts founded on factual evidence or information
that one gathers carefully according to rules or procedures. Empirical data is gathered by specialized techniques, and
used to observe and indirectly measure processes in the world and to support or reject hypotheses. This data can
be qualitative and/or quantitative, documented with facts from which general inferences may ultimately be drawn. Empirical
data can be summarized and organized in the form of variables, constructs, and operational definitions.
Variables
Variables are concepts, founded on a series of facts, reflective
of sense and empirical data, and organized to show that their properties vary. A variable is an entity or factor
or characteristic that can assume several values along a continuum or can represents two or more classifications or categories,
often qualitatively different. A continuous variable is one that typically comprises numbers that have been assigned
to objects along a scale from high to low, with many gradations of intensity or amount (i.e., time, space dimensions, weight,
height, distance, test scores).
A discrete variable consists of two or more categories
to which objects or individuals have been assigned: sex/gender, marital status, employment, ethnic identity, culture, class,
race, generation. Variables are classified into basic types, depending on their location in a causal relationship: CV=construct
variable, IVV=intervening variable, DV=dependent variable, IDV=independent variable, C2V=continious variable, and D2V=descrete
variable. The causal variable, or the one that identifies forces or conditions that act on something else, is the independent
variable.
The variable that is the effect or is the result or outcome of another
variable is the dependent variable. Variables can be used to form conceptual constructs.
Construct Conceptionalization
Construct conceptualizations include sense data,
facts, empirical data, variables, and various concepts that precisely define the object, behavior, or phenomena that is related
to the theoretical research problem at hand. It specifies the precise meaning, definition, and means of testing the
concepts and variables to be studied.
Constructs use inductive and deductive
techniques of data and information reduction in order to summarize factual propositions. Deduction denotes any conclusion
in general, or in a more specific and generally accepted sense, authentic proof or an inferred conclusion from one or several
earlier premises. A far-reaching generalized conclusion, an interpretation drawn from general to particular, deduction
absorbs all of the valuable elements of the preceding conclusions of science, molding the vast experience of human consciousness
into strict conformity with new conclusions.
Induction denotes any conclusion
in specific drawn from and reflective of an assessment of a sampling of the whole. These are logical assessments of
a sample of facts from particular representative cases and allow conclusions to be drawn from the whole. Constructs
are conclusions concerning a whole based on a few elements of that whole, showing the given features of the singular that
are possessed by the larger population of the whole. From construct conceptualization, the basis is laid in thought
for the material operationalization of factual reality in such a way as a means for testing.
Operational Definition
Operationalization is founded on sense data,
facts, empirical data, variables, constructs, and inductive and deductive logic summarized to form a working, practical, testable,
and living operational definition. Operational definitions are the translation of an abstract concept into something which
can be empirically or qualitatively documented. For example, the KMTic symbols that can transform an African architect's
abstract plans and diagrams into the Khufu (Giza) pyramid must first be transformed from abstract summations of material reality
into models of reality and then later into the reality conceptualized on paper. An operational definition therefore
establishes some form of objective procedures or measure that will yield a quantitative numerical designation, or qualitative
essence of a variable or process.
Operational definitions clarify how variables will
be measured, who will be observed, and for what purpose in the particular study. Operational definitions afford the
opportunity for replication of the work using the same systematic or scientific procedures and instrument so that an equivalent
basis is provided for a meaningful comparison of data across studies. The definition creates an apparatus that ensures
the highest standard of precision of measurement and observation possible so that the study can be repeated. This operational
definition is essential because obtaining reliable results mostly requires a mass of data allowing for statistical processing,
which eliminates the influence of chance occurrences and disturbances. Hypotheses allow researchers to test operationally
defined aspects of reality.
Hypotheses
Concrete
operational hypotheses form out of concrete operational definitions unified to form conjectural relationships between two
or more operational variables. Scientific research consists of hypotheses without which science could not develop and
which in the course of experimental and practical testing are rejected or else corrected, cleansed of error, and are raised
to the level of theories. Hypotheses are based on a series of validated facts from which we infer the existence of an
object or the relations or cause of phenomena without actual proof.
A hypothesis
is a declarative statement of a relationship between two variables often reformulated from a corresponding research question
in such a manner as to test its validity. The formulation of a hypothesis on the basis of definite facts calls for verification
through testing. It must agree or at least be compatible with all pertinent facts, evaluated on the basis of such comparison
by a rather complex and step-by-step procedure, as only a long testing of a hypothesis can lead either to its adoption or
its rejection.
Hypotheses can be operational definitions in which indicators have been
stated for the concepts so that it is interpreted empirically and the procedures for testing it by observations are known.
The substantiation and proof of a hypothetical statement presupposes a search for new facts, the devising of experiments and
analysis of any previous results that have been obtained. Simplicity, clarity, and precision are important in choosing
hypotheses. Models can be used to test hypothesis.
Models
Abstract models form out of hypothetical replicas of relationships between concepts. Here
we mean the reproduction of objects' characteristics in their analog, specifically constructed for their study.
A model is a representation, a reproduction, a reflection, a replica of a complex phenomenon typically presented in diagram,
circles, rectangles, lines, arrows, squares, algorithms, numbers, flow charts, process figures, and other geometric figures.
The principal merits of this type of models are their universality, convenient use, quick
and cheap research. There must be some analogy between the model and the object that evokes the researcher's interests.
It may be expressed either in the similarity of the physical properties of the model and the object or in the identical mathematical
description of the behavior of the object and the model. In each concrete case the model may perform its role if the
degree of is correspondence to the object is defined strictly enough. Today, modeling is in wide use in computers and
electronic simulation devices. Models serve as a basis for paradigms.
Paradigms
Paradigms are a series of conceptual models, systematically organized to form
a system of thought. A logical method of conceptual synthesis making it possible to distinguish, find or build some
object, formulate the significance of the newly introduced term or specify the significance of a term existing in science.
Paradigms are not only basic orientations toward theory-building, but they can become whole systems of scientific thought
because they set up procedural diagrams indicating steps that need to be followed in completing a task or in reaching a particular
goal. Paradigms are the conceptual organizing mechanisms for theories.
Theories
Theories are a series of paradigms, based on tested and proven hypotheses, systematically organized, and
logically presented. In every field of science the process of accumulated facts sooner or later leads to the creation
of a theory as a system of knowledge, and this is a sure sign that the given field of knowledge is coming of age. Summarized
practice is theory. Theory is not something absolute; it is a relatively complete system of knowledge that changes
in the course of its development. A theory is improved by adding to it new facts and the concepts that express them.
Theories are systems of generalized authentic knowledge that gives an integral
picture of the regularities and essential ties of reality. Theory reflects and reproduces the reality in mathematical
or quantitative terms. Social theory is a system of interconnected abstractions that reflect faithfully as if by way of a
mirror, condenses and organizes these factual practical summaries. Theoretical construction arises from generalizations
of previous knowledge, including that which is obtained through observation surveys, meditation, experiment, and already documented
facts.
Sociohistorical theories are determined by the historical conditions in which
they originate and by the historically given level of education, technology, experimental apparatus, science, and methodologies.
Theories adapted to different forms of social reality ultimately become theoretical frames of reference for researchers.
Theoretical Framework
Theoretical frameworks
are a series of proven hypotheses, models, paradigms, and theories organized to form a theoretical guide to action.
Theoretical frameworks are a sequence of theoretical propositions, founded on scientifically tested sense data, connected
through common concepts, and organized to serve as a frame of reference, a series of guiding principles for the research design.
Theoretical frameworks serve as the foundation, the context, the guide to action, and the theoretical boundaries and conditions
under which the study will be conducted. Scientists can never totally comprehend, mirror, reflect, reproduce, replicate
nature as a whole in its completeness; they can only come closer eternally to this by creating conceptions, judgments, inferences,
laws, and finally a relative scientific picture of the world.
The theoretical framework
establishes the guiding principles that allow the study to be conducted in conformity with a set of tried and tested theoretical
and methodological principles worked out beforehand and ensuring replication, validity, reliability, and control of the study.
Theories need method for systematic verification of test results. The step-by-step procedural system of arriving at
theoretical conclusion is organized in the methods of research or the research design
Research
Objectives
Research must construct, as a foundation for her ideological superstructure,
the material, real, living conditions that laid the foundation for the ideas of men and women. There must be no skipping
around, arbitrarily selecting history out of sequence to verify modern arguments. Order and practical factual sequencing of
evidence are paramount.
Scientific researchers must necessarily examine intimately
what African/Europeans were doing in the 14th, 15th, 16th centuries: What were their environmental
conditions? What were their natural resources? What were their basic economic needs and how did they meet them?
What were their raw materials; what were their technical capabilities? What stage of development were their societies?
What relationships did different sex/genders, ethnic groups, races, classes, generations, and cultures have. In short,
what were the real tangible conditions of existence for these people? To get a the essence of White behavior or Black
behavior for that matter, what is this but to draw up the real, profane history of men and women in every century and to present
in sequence these humans as temporary creators of their own history---as opposed to evil spirits, pseudo-psychological mysteries.
If one traces the material flow of history as opposed to the ideological reflection of
that flow one, even through the numerous zigzags, arrives at the actual natural genesis, growth, development, and maturation
of the real-life process. In sum, it would be more scientifically accurate and reproducible to follow the material practice
in history and sum that up in theory, as opposed to eclectically following subjectively selected ideas, concepts, thoughts,
beliefs, opinions and then picking the practices in history that fit the subjective idea. This is science standing on
its head. Subjective selection of ideology as opposed to tracing the actual material flow of historical conditions
that produce the ideas is an acute methodological error that most of the African-centered movement is making today.
No doubt, the binary system of comparison and contrast is initially useful for the purpose
of general outlines. However, there are specific internal opposites within each opposite which in complementary struggle
drive the one external opposite against the other external opposite. In sum, the entire White race could not do what
it does to the black race if the black race could stop it. KMTic KA is the vital force of nature; it has two vital aspects,
each opposing the other, twin opposites, in mortal battle whose result is ultimate higher balance or complementary energy.
There is a fight. There are winners in history and there are losers. Concrete, factual, chronological, and logical
study of history shows that African, Asians, Arabs, Chechimecans, Europeans and all other populations of the world have fought/complimented
each other for thousands of years. Conflict has been necessary as well as complementariness---at a certain stage in
the development of the unity, twinness, integration, and cross-paralleled struggle of opposites.
The internal force of justice determines injustice's life. Sure, the White population (and also Arabs and
Jews) have significant psychological, cultural, social, and moral problems consistent with having such an easy 500 years of
forcefully winning the world even though their goal has been unjust. They had a will toward injustice and the military
force and scientific techniques to achieve this will. Africans merely have not learned and practically internalized
the material and spiritual lessons of history that Vietnamese and other Asians have left in the historical record. Having
been defeated over and over again so thoroughly in defense of justice, Africans must begin to scientifically research their
own internal shortcoming-first. What is keeping them from fighting with the same will, force and fury for themselves
as they do for others? This is the internal question that results in independent self-motion. External forces
(i.e., White violence and enslavement) does not determine the inner will and material workings of internal forces within the
African soul. Decisions are made. Excuses are discarded.
Based on summarized
history, it is materially evident that injustice in the world has prevailed because justice has not been materially able to
end the injustice. Material force and a will toward injustice have met a lack of material force and a unanimous
will toward justice. Clearly, Whites and Arabs have prevailed primarily because they have done the necessary life
and death things required for their temporary world supremacy. Asians are catching up, however, because they understand
and are implementing the ingredients for success: science, uncompromising will, goal single-mindedness, unity, protracted
mission orientation, and quiet victory at all costs. Disarming oneself of material weapons, and a material
body for that matter, and standing in front of someone who has material weapons and a will to use them is suicidal, regardless
of the after the fact claims of spirituality.
The mystics spend their time and
energy on abstractions, which are outside of the actual concrete flow of history. They spend too much time criticizing
the science and materialism that feeds, clothes, shelters, heals, educates, transports, the masses of people around the world
instead of teaching the next African generation of children how to use science and will for justice (even if one has to fight
to one's death with real weapons) as opposed to injustice. This is suicidal in a period of massive White militia
and nazi material development. Africans must not be confused into criticizing the science that determines the quality
and quantity of food, clothing, shelter, transportation, mass communication, and medical care that they purchase, with how
the White race has used science to enslave and conquer the peoples of the world, including Africans.
Ideas do not drop from the sky. The question should be: What material condition
fortified the will in Whites to use science for whatever purpose in benefit of White civilization? What material conditions
was ancient KMT bequeathed that allowed for its 6000 years of developing science and spirit in benefit of African civilization.
How can those conditions be replicated as to ignite the spirit of Africans today? Even with its internal deficiency
(of not defining why "just" Africans allow "unjust" Europeans to destroy so much and so many in so little
time without mounting the necessary equal and opposite real-world, mission-oriented process to win); Yurugu is the
most comprehensive African-centered critique of selected European ideology that serves as a foundation for understanding White
supremacy ever written. It is a beginning, but it must be stood on its feet. Dr. Ani defines the Asili
as "the White race that lacks spirit and thus seeks power to fill the void." This is a very
important conceptualization of half of the problem facing the Black race and the world---the external aspect. Objectively,
however, in science and in nature, external aspects are not the catalysts for the internal driving forces of the internal
aspect. Using Dr. Ani's conceptualization, Africans, therefore, must be the anti-Asili, because,
due to a lack of power, even their best minds seek empty spirits to fill the void. Material force and
spiritual force must be met with material force and spiritual force; not material force and spiritual force toward injustice
meeting spirits alone.
Asians and the part of the nonwhite world that are making
progress against their oppressors fully understand this elementary fact.
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