The universe is a complex, ever expanding synthesis of matter and anti-matter.  Though the exact conditions that produced the early universe are not known, science has demonstrated that over billions of years, raw, unorganized, fluid, ever changing, primordial matter through intense struggle often under harsh conditions, gave rise to highly organized, complex, creative, precise, and multiform phenomena.  What humans see and experience today represents only the most recent manifestations of historical conditions that are billions of years in the making.

All that exists in the universe has a period of birth, a period of growth and development, a period where it gains strength, attains maturity, then grows old, runs its course, reaches its limits, declines, decays, dies out, and is reborn in another form of energy.  This motion is constant and never ending, with one-dimensional time, and three-dimensional space constraints.  Universes, galaxies, solar systems, stars and planets all had to live and die so that the earth on which we live might come into being and make itself suitable for life.  

This process resulted from explosions of anti-matter and matter, producing the bonded energy that eventually formed elements, stars, planets, solar systems, galaxies, and complete universes.  The materials of this solar organism such as stars, gas, energy particles, cosmic debris, planets, asteroids, comets, nebulae, black holes, etc., are bonded together by gravitational forces which form solar systems and clusters of galaxies.  This gravitational soup is the webbing of the universe, which is continually expanding, moving, and changing.

In a helixed struggle and unity between matter and anti-matter, bonded energy eventually formed elementary particles, elements, stars, planets, solar systems, galaxies, and universes.  These solar organisms bonded together with gravitational forces-consisting of a balance between the forces of repulsion and attraction-which in turn formed solar systems and clusters of galaxies.  In time this gravitational soup became the cosmic webbing of the infant universe, which continually expanded, changed, and developed. 

Galaxy to Solar System to Earth

From this universe came our galaxy, then our solar system.  The Milky Way galaxy materialized in the context of the same quantum fluctuation mechanism, which led to the revolutionary, then evolutionary formation and expansion of the universe as a whole. After the explosion which transformed matter and anti-matter from chaos to order, the universe began to form itself into what it has become today concentrated fragments of matter and anti-matter shaped into hot glowing lumps (stars) clustered together in cosmic islands (galaxies) that spiral in a cyclic process scattered billions of light years apart.

Within our solar system formed stars (including the sun), planets, moons, asteroids, and comets with all being electro-magnetically held together by precisely balanced gravitational forces of attraction and repulsion.  The entire system has been constantly in motion from the beginning, having no days off and moving at colossal speeds. 

Stars, the organizing bodies of any solar system, are suns with their own rings of planets revolving on their axes and turning with the entire galaxy as it turns on its own axis.  There are hundreds of billions of stars in our solar system.  Each star is a blazing fiery solar hurricane.  Its entire surface is in a state of bubbling, erupting, burning, hot agitation with colossal fiery heat waves passing over the turbulent stars.  With a burning hot surface, stars shoot out galactic streams of fire as gigantic eruptions of internal heat, pulsating, throbbing, illuminating, and pouring forth into space in the form of radiation giving life to planets and their moons.  Physical gravitational fields connect the particles allowing them to interact and to thus exist. 

Without electromagnetic fields nothing would connect electrons and protons together in atoms, nor would atoms bind to form molecules, and molecules combine into tissue.  From attraction of the most elementary substances emerged subatomic particles that would form protons and electrons, which, depending on the quantity and the nature of the relationship, produced at least one hundred naturally occurring atoms, a small minority of which combined to form the overwhelming majority of the matter in the universe.  All matter, in all of its manifestations is in motion-throbbing, illuminating, being born, dying away-constituting the boundless universal colossal cosmic ocean of rarefied substance in which the cosmic bodies float little by little based on their own internal laws of existence. 

Planetoids-hot, throbbing, and in motion-frequently crash into one another, breaking up, fusing, becoming larger still with the end result being nine solar system planets and their moons, along with the existing asteroids, comets, and meteoroids. Their motions are deliberate, driven and with purpose, all moving within the context of the Virgo Super cluster which houses our galaxy at 2,000,000 km/hr, rotating as the Milky Way galaxy at 900,000 km/hr, with the planet Earth moving at a rate of 66,000 miles per hour (108,000 km/hr) around the sun while simultaneously spinning on its own axis at a rate of 1000 miles per hour (1,660 km/hr).   The Solar system is located in a large system of billions of stars called the Milky Way galaxy and is 28,000 light years from it's the center.

The earth is daily maturing as a planet, growing and fitting itself for life.  Its development began with to form its core and mantle, took on and oblate spheroid egg shape as it cooled down in the process of spinning on its potter's wheel---on its axis.  While forming south and north polar opposites, and at the same time being composed of heavy elements these planets, including earth simply could not have formed early in the universe because there were no heavy elements in the early formative process of universe, planets awaited the birth and death of billions of high mass stars.  Many millions of stars therefore died so that we might live.  Many ancient supernovae occurred so that Earth and other planets made of heavy elements could live. 

These complex bodies thus formed are the foundations for the stars and their satellites, the planets and their satellites, stellar systems and the meta-galaxies that encompass them; meta-galaxies make up universes, and so on into the outer reaches of space.   Our galaxy materialized in the context of the same quantum fluctuation mechanism, which led to the revolutionary, then evolutionary formation, and expansion of the universe as a whole. After the explosion which transformed Matter and anti-matter from chaos to order, the universe began to form itself into what it has become today---concentrated fragments of Matter and anti-matter shape into hot glowing lumps (stars) clustered together in cosmic islands (galaxies) that spiral in a cyclic process scattered billions of light years apart.

 Overall, the Sun, methodically formed in nebulae with the smaller denser globule emerging within, becoming smaller and hotter, beginning to shine faintly forming a large red Protostar and proto-planets, contracting further but getting hotter, becoming a slowly rotating, but stable ball of burning gas fueled by the energy generated when hydrogen in the core fuses too become helium, contains more than 99.9 percent of the entire matter and anti-matter in our solar system.  In addition all of the energy used by living things comes from the sun whose light cause photosynthesis in green plants which die along with animals and trees and become fossil fuels, such as coal, oil and natural gas.  Animals derive their energy from plants that photosynthesize ether directly or indirectly.  With a core temperature of 28,280,000 F, a temperature at the bottom of the photosphere of 12,400 F and equatorial diameter of 865,000 miles, main elemental components being helium and hydrogen, a mass of 2.192x10²⁷, and 9500 pounds of mass converted to energy each second, it will require 6.4 billion years for the sun's expected life of hydrogen fuel supply to burn out.   The age of this solar system was inferred from dating of the oldest meteorites.  The oldest moon rocks found by the Apollo astronauts have also yielded a similar age.  From these studies, we infer that all the planets within the solar system formed within a period of less than 100 million years, approximately 4.6 billion years ago.

Earth

As a result, Earth evolved based on its unique and suitable place in the solar system, its mass formed within the same quantum fluctuation mechanism, which produced the solar system-galaxy-universe as a whole.  Formation and maturation of our planet Earth and moon occurred 4.6 billion years ago.  The planet Earth cooled, planet hardened, plant took egg-like shape, magnetic field formed, and its orbits became routine.  Gravitational relationships between the sun and its planets became mature, first permanent crust on earth formed, elementary particle combine to form atoms combine to form molecules combine to form macromolecules. 

Virtually every planet or moon is presently in a different stage of development, much as red giants and white dwarfs represent varied stages of stellar evolution. The formation of this universe, galaxy, and solar system were the physical processes, which created the natural conditions for life on the planet earth.  As earth, the fifth largest planet in the solar system and the third from the sun began to form its core and mantle its shape became oblate spheroid, like a fat round egg.  It like every other planet in the solar system is a different stage of development compared to other planets. 

Earth, a relatively small, cool planet rotating on its axis in orbit around and under the gravitational influence of a local star and its system of planets, evolved based on its unique and suitable place in the solar system, and its mass formed within the same quantum fluctuation mechanism which produced the solar system, galaxy and universe as a whole.  Its polar circumference is 24,859.73, while its equatorial circumference is 24,901.46.   Its polar diameter is 7899.99 miles.  The tilt of earth's axis is approximately 66.5 degrees.  Earth revolutions and orbits equal 1,120 miles per minute, 67,000 miles per hour, 590 million miles a year around the sun. 

Surface temperatures vary largely with the angle a which the Sun's rays strike different parts of Earth's round surface as a result land around the equator receives more concentrated solar heat and thus more solar energy that other areas of the same size near the North or South Poles. Its mean distance to the sun is 92,960,000 miles which means that if the sun were the size of a honeydew melon, the earth at the same scale would be the size of a pinhead and lie about one foot away.  The mean distance of the earth to the moon is 238,857 miles.  It rotation period is 23.9 hours; its equatorial diameter is 7,927 miles; its orbital period in days is 365.256; its orbital velocity is 18.51 miles per second; its inclination of axis is 23.45; its surface temperature is 58.7 farenheight; and it has one planetary satellite.  From space Earth appears to be a bright white and light blue marble, white because of clouds, blue because it is mostly cover by water.

The earth, which is 4.6 billion years old, once existed in such a state that no human life form could have existed on it.  From a period intense heat, to solar organization of elementary particles of various chemical compounds, to the sinking inward of the densest particles to form a core, to the continued sorting of particles, which led to the primeval planet, Earth, to the formation of earth's major layers (crust, mantle, and core) there has been much growth and development.  Its atmosphere is 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 1% water, and 0.92% argon.   The tenuous outer layer of Earth's atmosphere begins about 310 miles above Earth's surface.  Between about 60 miles down to about 30 miles is the mesosphere; below the stratosphere down to about 8 miles, and finally there is the troposphere, the bottom layer.  The atmosphere, with Earth's magnetic field, shields us from nearly all harmful radiation coming from the sun.

Because the earth had to go through numerous epochs of inorganic development before it fitted itself to sustain organic life, the first one billion years were spent forming an atmosphere, water, oceans and preparing the process of photosynthesis.  Being a terrestrial planet, Earth has a hard rocky surface, a comparatively high density, a concentration of metallic elements, some atmosphere and a magnetic field.  Land formed.  The total area of the earth is 196,940,400 square miles.  The mass of the earth is 6,585,000,000,000,000,000,000 tons.  Its volume is 259,875,300,000 cubic miles clasped by intense belts of trapped radiation.  Its interior is hot, liquid rock, and iron.  Its surface composition developed over time until today it is 70.92 percent water (about 139,628,046 square miles); 29.08 percent dry land (about 57,308,437 square miles).  Earth tillable soil is 6 percent, while its thickness of crust is between 6 to 40 miles, because continental crust is less dense but thicker than oceanic crust. 

The interior consists of three main layers: outer crust, composed of at least 20 tectonic plates that move from a few inches to several that are largely made up of granite and basalt rock, varies from 55 miles deep under the continent to 3 miles deep under the oceans; mantle, extending 1,900 miles below the surface and is composed of silicate rock rich iron; with the top portion of the mantle being semi-liquid down to about 150 miles, the rigid upper core crust moves is broken into large plates that move slowly on this partially fluid layer.  Beneath lays the Earth's iron and nickel core with the core being over 7000degrees Farinheight.  On surface, Earth has ten ecosystems, i.e., mountain, desert, rain forest, savanna, steppe, broadleaf forest, tundra, prairie, needle leaf forest, and ice cap.  These ecological systems are scattered across 13 landmasses.  Land covers 30 percent of Earth's surface, during ice ages, sea levels fall and more land is exposed; when ice sheets melt, sea levels rise and sallow seas invade low lying plains.  These regions continually change because of wind currents, changing weather patterns, migrations, etc.  One-third of earth's land surface is dessert or semi-desert (not including the polar and sub polar "cold deserts"). 

The largest hot desert is the Sahara (3,500,000 square miles.)  The largest cold desert is Antarctica (about 5,000,000 square miles).  Earth has even continents in order of size: Asia (the largest at 16,988,000 square miles and 29.4% of surface area) Africa (20.2%), North America (16.3%), South America (11.9%), Antarctica (9.0%), Europe (7.1%) and Oceania (6.1%).  The largest island is the continent of Australia (2,967,909).  Earth's longest river is the African Nile, (4,145 miles).  There are four oceans, with the Pacific Ocean alone being larger in area than all the land in the world combined; 64, 186,300 square miles and 346,000,000,000,000,000,000 gallons.  Earth has 32 seas. Water, virtually all of it sea water, covers 70 percent of the Earth's surface varying in composition; oceans seas make up 97.2%, ice and snow make up 2.16%, ground water and soil water make up 0.625%, lake water and rivers make up 0.018% and Air makes up 0.0014%.  In additions, the seas waters are made up of over 77.8% sodium chloride, 10.9 percent magnesium chloride, 4.7 percent magnesium sulfide, and 3.6 calcium sulfates of solids.

There was a time of birth, there is a process of development, and there is a time period when what is in existence no longer is fitted to exist, even in the case of 10 billion-year-old star systems.  One can infer that all the planets within the solar system formed within a period of less than 100 million years, approximately 4.6 billion years ago, out of the raw material of the sun, and are presently in some initial stage of its birth, death, and rebirth process. Earth initially existed in a form that could not support life and thus had to fit itself to become mother of organic life.  This origin of life cannot be seen as an appearance of one organism, but as a series of simple organism that arose within the biosphere nearly 4.6 billion years ago was the Precambrian-Archaean eon, the earliest and longest unit of geological time, the first continents coalesced, volcanoes erupted and   monerans such as bacteria and blue green algae developed,.  Cooling and formation of the Earth, Moon and other planets out of hot minerals, metals, chemical compounds elements, and various gas particles.   Magnetic fields begin to form and stabilize.  Earth crust hardens.  4.0 billion years ago.  First permanent crust formed.  Of the Earth's 92 naturally occurring elements, 8 account for over 98% of the weight of the Earth's crust.  These combine into the "rock forming" minerals.  Three major layers begin to form ultimately resulting in.  Crust thin skin of hard rock 7-42miles thick. 

Mantle dense is semi-molten rock 1,800 miles thick.  Core densest, hottest layer, 4340 miles in diameter, made of iron and nickel.  Outer core is molten; inner core is solid and rotates internally in an opposite direction than the earth.  That forged the earth's air, water and land, solidified first in Africa; the organic process leading to the earth fitting itself for the emergence of organic life on earth over 3.7 billion years ago, first began in Africa.  Many of the earliest life forms were been discovered in Africa, and its ancient rocks are the repository of evidence from all stages in the evolution of life forms. Africa was the "keystone" from which tectonic forces drove the other continents on their global wanderings. Dinosaurs and the earliest-known mammals were present on the continent 200 million years ago.

Organic Life in Water to Life on Land

The fossils preserved in the 3.6-billion-year-old cherts of the Fig Tree formation are the relics of single-cell bacteria. They comprise the earliest-known evidence of life on Earth, marking the transition from a sterile to an ultimately fertile world. The exact process by which life came into being remains a mys­tery (most probably it was the product of chemical evolution),~ but it is certain that for millions of years life was fuelled solely by the chemicals that the organisms absorbed through their cell walls. Other feeding arrangements came into use around 3.3 billion years ago with the evolution of organisms able to manufacture food internally--the photo synthesizers, such as blue-green algae. Photo synthesizers use the energy of the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide into the simple sugars they require. And in the process they give off oxygen.  Until the arrival of the photo synthesizers the Earth's atmosphere had been devoid of oxygen (indeed, none of the earliest life forms could survive in oxy­genated conditions), but over the next billion years the photo synthesizers became the dominant life forms, and produced so much oxygen that vast

This emerging life begins to take the form of simple DNA and RNA molecules as vehicles of heredity, complexes of protein molecules, single cells, multiple cells, tissue-based complex organisms, organs, functional systems (neural, blood circulation, digestive, gas exchange, etc.), the organism as a whole, families of organism, colonies, various populations the formation of from multicellular organisms that possessed increasingly complex inherent capacities to adapt to changing earthly conditions; the transition to invertebrates, vertebrates, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and primates; and then the transition to human life over 5.5 million years ago, again in Africa, this time on the equator---(species, biological communities, and the whole biosphere).  3.6 billion years ago.  Atmosphere and seawater formed.  The first small continents coalesced, first bacteria form, volcanoes erupt on volatile Earth surface.  3.3 billion years ago.   Oldest sedimentary rocks.  First stromatolites.  Atmosphere with some carbon dioxide.  3.1 billion years ago. 

More developed algae and bacteria.  3.0 billion years ago.  Greenstone belts--Strips of micro-continent.  2.9 billion years ago.  Massive stromatolites formed by photosynthesizing bluegreen algae.  2.5 billion years ago. Was the Proterozoic eon in which the planet's crust cooled, large continents took shape with Africa becoming the center piece, mountains rose, and their eroded sediments accumulated below the sea, and more complex living cells gave rise to early plants and animals such as  algae, jellyfish, protests and worms.  Build up of free oxygen in atmosphere.    2.3 billion years ago.  First large-scale glaciating.  2.2 billion years ago.  Stromatolites common.  Atmosphere contains free oxygen.  2.0 billion years ago.  Rapid growth of continents by accretion of micro-continents.  Possible formation of a supper-continent.  Southern continents combine into Gondwanaland.  1.8 billion years ago.  Diversification of species of prokaryote algae (cellular forms with no nucleus.)  1.4 billion years ago.   Bacteria formed into colonies.  -first step towards multicellular organisms.  Atmosphere rich in oxygen. 1.2 billion years ago. 

Development of eukaryote cells.  These cells have a nucleus containing DNA, and the capacity for sexual reproduction billion years ago.  800 million years ago.  Evidence of sexual reproduction in eukaryote cells. Filament and tubular algae.  Appearance of fungi.  700-600 million years ago.  Major glaciating, affecting every continent.  600 million years ago.  Appearance of diverse species of soft-bodied, multicellular organisms (Ediacarn Fanua).  550 million years ago.  Laurentia and Baltica positioned in tropics Gondwanaland stretches from 50*N to the South Pole.  Volcanic episodes in the Caledonian region.  550 million years ago was the beginning of the Paleozoic Era which included the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods.  This ushered in periods when most continents lay near the equator, shallow seas teemed with early complex life forms such as graptolites, gastropods, and brachiopods; coral, dolomite, and limestone covered the shallow sea floor, ice covered some southern land, north American land mass formed from shrinking pre-Atlantic oceans, and later eroded debris formed thick sediments below the sea, fish abound and the world's first forests were formed, limestone formed below shallow seas followed by warm, forming swampy coal forests a later source of coal beds, inhabited by early reptiles and amphibians, during the end of this period all continents are still fused together as the drying up of shallow seas, the forming of salt lakes as water evaporates and desert sandstone emerges contribute to mass extinction . 

Worldwide emergence of marine invertebrate groups with shells and skeletons.  Trilobites, brachiopods, archeocyathids, echinoderms, mollusks all common.  Stromatolites decline in abundance.  500 million years ago.  Baltic drifts closer to Laurentia separated by the first lapetus ocean.  480 million years ago.  First definite vertebrates-jawless freshwater fish.  Freshwater plants assumed to be present.  450 million years ago.  Taconic Orogeny in northeast Laurentia, caused by collision on offshore island arc.  450 million years ago.  Possible first land plants.  440 million years ago.  Abundance of jawless fish.  First fish with jaws-freshwater acanthodians.  Giant sea scorpions (eurypterids) emerge.  425 million years ago.  Caledonian Orogeny begins, as Baltica and Avalonia collide with Greenland and Laurentia.  Baltica and Laurentia drift near to the African part of Gondwanaland. They are separated by an early version of the Tethys Sea.  420 million years ago.  First land plant.  Vascular plants including lycopsids and psilopsids present, but very rare.  First insects and arachnids.  400 million years ago.  New phases of the Caledonian disturbances as Gondwanaland rotate clockwise and collide with the eastern margin of Laurentia.  The Tethys Sea opens up.  400 million years ago.  Age of fishes. Jawed and armored fish become abundant and diversify. 

Development of modern types of fish with bony skeletons and scales.  Sporebearing plants become more common on land-though still tied to aquatic habitats. 370 million years ago.  The first amphibians develop from fish and reach the land.  Emergence of sea ferns, while true ferns cover some lowland area in dense forest.  360 million years ago.  New disturbances along the Gondwanaland / Laurentia boundary, in the final phase of the Caledonian Orogeny. Siberia is the only major block not connected with the Laurentia/Baltica/Gondwanaland landmass.  350 million years ago.  Laurentia and Gondwanaland remain associated, though separated by ocean as sea levels rise.  Widespread limestone formation.  340 million years ago.  Development of huge lycopsid plants in swamp forests.  Amphibians and reptiles diversify in humid tropical conditions, as do insects.  Abundance of giant flying insects and cockroaches.  340 million years ago.  First true reptiles.  Emergence of distinct floras associated with different climatic conditions. 

Glossopteris flora dominates Gondwanaland.  Renewed contact between Gondwanaland and Laurentia causes the start of the Appalachian Orogeny.  Gondwanaland has continued to turn clockwise. A major  glaciating begins to cover large parts of the southern continents in ice.  The Hercynian Orogeny results from the collisions of northern Gondwanaland and northern Europe.  300 million years ago.  Development of huge lycopsid plants in swamp forests.  Amphibians and reptiles diversity in humid  tropical conditions, as do insects.  Abundance of giant flying insects and cockroaches.  270 million years ago.  angaraland (Siberia and Kazakhstan) begins to collide with Baltica, creating the Urals.   Last part of supercontinent of Pangea is in place.  Pangea stretches from 60*N to the South Pole.  270 million years ago. As conditions became drier and hotter, reptiles thrive at the expense of amphibians.  Development of warm-blooded reptiles (therapists) the precursors of the mammals.  250 million years ago  Mass extinction of marine life.  Groups made extinct include trilobites, rugose corals and crinoids.  Other marine invertebrates severely affected.  Fish are generally unaffected. 

250 million years ago Pangea moves north to straddle the Equator.  Many of the continents are now in warm, and climates, Asian micro-continents begin to move away from Australia and Gondwanaland  250 million years ago  Ammonites survive the mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic and thrive in the Mesozoic, development of thecondont reptiles which become dominant.  235 million years ago was the beginning of the Mezozoic era which included the Triassic, Jurassic, and Cretaceous Periods which witnessed the breakup of Pangaea, dinosaurs, pterosaurs evole from archosaurs; the Atlantic ocean emerges and ups, the Tethys sea divides northern and southern super continents into the continents present today, continental drift develops as climates cool and dinosaurs and pterosaurs would eventually completely die out.  

Dinosaurs develop from thecodont reptiles.  First mammals emerge from warm blooded therapsid reptiles, Archeopteryx, the earliest known bird (or feathered dinosaur), develops.  205 million years ago.  210-145 million years ago.  Dinosaurs become dominant, reaching their largest size.  Development and diversification of flying  reptiles (pterosaurs) and aquatic reptiles (plesiosaurs) Birds develop and spread widely.  Continued diversification of insects.  180 million years ago.  Africa and South America begin to split from North America, opening up the Central Atlantic.  150 million years ago.  Formation of the Rocky Mountains begins.  145-65 million years ago.  Continuing dominance of land by dinosaurs.  Mammals remain small. Reptiles diversity turtles, snakes, lizards are abundant. Emergence of flowering plants (angiosperms).  These dominate the land plant kingdom by the end of the Cretaceous.  120 mullion years ago.  Africa moves further south, opening a split with Europe, India splits from Africa and Antarctica and begins to move north.  Australia splits from Antarctica as Gondwanaland starts to break up.  100 million years ago  South America and Africa begin to split apart- the first time they have been separated since the Precambrian period.  85 million years ago  The central Atlantic stabilizes and links to the still opening South Atlantic. Changes in Atlantic and Pacific sea floor spreading push Central America and South America together.  South America approaches North America, with a narrow ocean basin being squeezed between them. 

The Andean region becomes a subdution zone.  65 million years ago was the beginning of the Cenozoic era which included the Tertiary, Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Miocene, Pliocene, Quatemary, Pleistocene, and Holocene Periods and Epochs the Rockies, Himalayas, and Alps are thrusted up as a result of colliding lithospheric plates while birds and mammals evolve and multiply replacing the evolutionary gaps left by extinct dinosaurs, plants that flower begin to dominate all other kind, then finally temperatures dropped again, ice sheets covered Antarctica and large parts of the northern hemisphere as ocean levels fell exposing land bridges and allowing mammals and primates to migrate transcontinentally, in warmer phases ice retreated and ocean levels rose.   Mass extinction of marine and land life forms. Principal casualties re the dinosaurs and ammonites.  Reptile groups (other than dinosaurs) survive the mass extinction. 

Mammals to Human Life

Mammals and birds also survive and flourish.  Emergence of early horse, elephant and bear groups of mammals.  composite family of plants emerges.  50 million years ago  Grasses emerge and diversify rapidly along with Leguminosae and composite plants.  40 million years ago  Uplift of the rocks and formation of the West Coast Mountains completed.  Grazing animals and monkeys emerge.  Mammal groups (whales , dolphins)  return to the sea.  Foraminifera grow and diversify.  35 million years ago  The first apes emerge.  Large mammals and birds spread over the Earth. Grasses cover large areas of land.  30 million years  Japanese islands split from Asia, opening up the Japan Sea.  25 million years ago   Northern North  Atlantic opens between Greenland and northern Europe.  Africa moves north to close the Tethys Sea and collide with Europe.  The Alpine Orogeny continues for 15-20 million years.  20 million years ago  India begins to collide with Asia in the Himalayan Orogeny.  15 million years ago  Outpourings of basalt lava's in southern Siberia (Baikal Rifts) Central Europe (Rhine Graben) East Africa and Antarctica Rifts begin in East Africa-first stages in the creation of a new ocean.

In sum, approximately 4.1 billion years ago, embryonic atmospheric formation based on ammonia and methane gas occurred on earth paving the way for the release of oxygen and the development of a life support system for plants.  With the formation of oceans, free oxygen began to accumulate about 3.8 billion years ago due to the emergence of photosynthesizing algae, and complex cells with nuclei.  Earth's protective ozone layer formed along with the chemical processes necessary to form the oceans and the atmosphere, including the thermosphere, stratosphere, exosphere, and the troposphere.  So that by 2.5 billion years ago, there was a development of massive seas, multicycled sediments of large continents, the onset of plate tectonics, and the geo-chemical evolution of hard crust, and mantle.  By about 1.8 billion years ago the earth had made the transition to a stable aerobic hydrosphere and atmosphere.  It also had developed an effective ultraviolet absorbing ozone shield. The atmosphere of earth is gas, principally nitrogen (80 percent) and oxygen.

After billions of years of development, molecular carbon compounds gave way to organic compounds that laid the foundation for simple organic life. Free oxygen began to accumulate about 2 billion years ago due to the emergence of photosynthesizing algae and complex cells with nuclei appeared.  The protective ozone layer formed along with the chemical processes necessary to form the oceans and the atmosphere, including the exosphere, thermosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere.

As the momentum for evolution and revolution accelerated with every qualitative change in the formation and growth of the planetary unit, Earth, and the solar system that determines it, nucleated cells, sexual reproduction, life on land, dinosaurs, primitive mammals, and primates all rose and fell into extinction, only to be replaced by higher, more complex and better adapted life.  Simple cells began to synthesize with others, thus giving birth to ever more complex cells with the beginning of a well-defined nucleus that held the cell's genetic material.  The two cells could come together and from their merger produce offspring carrying both of the original genetic codes.  At a certain stage in this process, sexual reproduction opened up spectacular opportunities for mutations to spread throughout the various populations of organisms. 

For over 2 billion years, life on earth consisted of various forms of bacteria.  Self-replicating molecules emerged next.  Free oxygen accumulated 2.3 billion years ago due to the emergence of photosynthesizing algae; complex cells with nuclei appeared 1.5 billion years ago.  Approximately, 1.4 billion years ago more complex types of eukaryoic cells, the building blocks of all living things, began to emerge and develop.   Pre-cellular forms gave rise to single cellular forms that lead to multi-cellular forms.  These forms lead to complex nucleus that contained the genetic material and code for a higher level.  The origin of organic life on earth, therefore, cannot be treated as the appearance of the first organism; it can only be treated as the appearance of a number of organisms, which arose together under different conditions.  In time, the protective ozone layer formed along with the chemical processes necessary to form the oceans and the atmosphere, including the exosphere, thermosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere.

As the momentum of development accelerated with every maturation of earth conditions for a variety of life flowered.  Pre-cellular activity of the astrophysical, geological, and chemical type transformed to cellular organization in which a well-defined nucleus carried the genetic material for further biological evolution.  After the matter had risen from the atomic level to the higher, molecular level, there followed a process of complication of chemical substances that lasted for billions of years which allowed for the emergence of cellular and tissue formations.  The gradual complication of the molecules of carbon compounds led to the formation of organic compounds (organic level).  Pre-cellular activity, to cellar activity, to multi-cellular forms led to changes in invertebrates that gave way to developments of vertebrates which ultimately led to the development of primates.   Inorganic life developed into organic life and then complex organic life, creating the conditions for hominid formations.  Step by step, increasingly, complex organic compounds were formed.  And finally came life (biological level).  Life was a law-governed outcome of the development of all chemical and geological processes on the Earth's surface, in its oceans, and atmosphere.  Simple cells began to synthesize with others, thus giving birth to ever more complex cells with the beginning of a well-defined nucleus that held the cell's genetic material.  Amoebic-like in nature, bacteria, and jellyfish gave way to small shellfish, trilobites and seaweeds.  The two cells could come together and from their merger produce offspring carrying both of the original genetic codes.  At a certain stage in this process, sexual reproduction opened up opportunities for mutations to spread throughout the various populations.

All that is born, develops, declines and dies, and then is reborn in a higher species.   This process continually occurred over billions of years resulting in quantitative changes that lead to qualitative leaps. Gradually, over an extended period of time, organisms encounter crises in their natural habitat, are forced to adapt to survive, struggle for their existence that results in qualitative leaps or revolutionary developments that change the genotype of that organism and therefore its species.  This is a natural process that occurs in all forms of organic life.  Once the necessary physical reactions and chemical reactions on earth took place, biological processes created the conditions for biological life. The supercontinent cycle is the ultimate determinant of Earth history.

The inexorable process has established geological formations, built mountain belts, and shaped landscapes. In turn, mountains and landscape have induced cli­matic variation and thereby influenced the direction and nature of biologi­cal evolution--including, of course, human evolution. Africa is a primary source of evidence for the supercontinent-cycle hypothesis. Indeed, Africa is described as "the keystone of continental drift hypothesis" in general.   And "keystone" is the operative word. Africa has been the core from which the other continents have broken away and then returned. In the current cycle, Africa has been more or less stationary for at least 200 million years; stationary, but not unaffected by the heat that accumulated beneath its solid cratonic mass. Some heat has escaped in recent geological times through the fractures which mark the length of the Great Rift Valley; the remainder has lifted the continent upward.

Measured by the height of the shelf break (the true edge of a continent, where the shelf drops abruptly to the oceanic depths) relative to sea level, Africa overall stands about 4oo meters higher than the other continents.

African had more of its land surface covered with tropical forest, for a longer period, than any other part of the globe. But the forests have not been static. They have migrated across the continent as the continent drifted about the face of the Earth. Africa, with the Arabian peninsula attached, has moved 14 degrees north during the past 65 million years. The Equator lay across what is now the Sahara to begin with, and then moved south as Africa drifted north­wards. The belt of forests of which the Fayum deposits and Aegyptopithecus are relics, moved down the continent with the Equator to the location they occupy today. The internal tectonic forces of the Earth are thus the primary determi­nant of where the tropical rainforests are located; but how much ground they will cover, and for how long, is powerfully influenced by extraterrestrial fac­tors, principally the sun.

The sun is the ultimate source of the energy that fuels the food chains of the living world, and the amount of radiant energy available to plants at any given point on the globe, at any given time, varies according to the Earth's daily spin around its own axis and its position on the annual orbit around the sun. The seasonal rounds of vegetation change are obvious enough, so too are the variations in the density of plant cover that are determined by their distance from the Equator. These variations re the direct result of a cause-and-effect relationship: the amount of available energy directly determines the quantity of living tissue that is produced at any given time and place. But there is another source of variation which is barely detectable on the timescale of seasons, or even in terms of a human lifespan: long-term climatic change.

African Origin of the First Human Life in Africa

5,500,000 to 200,000 Years Ago

Human life emerged in Africa 5.5 million years ago (based on the oldest hominid fossil finds at Lake Baringo, Kenya, over 5,000,000 years ago).  The separation of humans from lower animals, therefore, took place in Africa and no where else, revealing that modern humans are all one species originating from the same source.  The mass of literature claiming science or 450 of he past 500 years has methodically posed the question whether Africans were human at all, transforming the study of Africans to the study of primitive peoples.

The complete series of fossil specimens that document the stages of development on present day human beings were found only in Africa.  Born in the region of Kenya, around the area that comprises Ethiopia and Tanzania, dispersing along a north-south axis down to South Africa; these hominids went through a succession of evolutions and revolutions spanning 5.5 million years to become what is now called modern Homo sapiens sapiens.  Initially, they were all Black.   Initially, they were short, barely 3 feet tall.  Initially they had small heads, small brains (550 cubic centimeters or less), and small mental capacities.  All of this would change over time and in different circumstances.

This African humanity comprised five specimens: australopithecine (APC) (5,500,000); homo habilis (HH) (2,500,000); homo erectus (HE) (1,000,000); homo sapiens Neanderthals (HSN) (110,000) at Broken Hill; and homo sapiens sapiens (HSS) Omo I, Kanjera (150,000); Grimaldi (HSS) in Europe, (50,000); Cro-Magnon first appearance (35,000); Paleosiberian (20,000); Chanclade, (25,000-15,000).

	Physique	(ml). Brain size	Skull, Jaws	Distribution	Time
Australopithecus	Light build Ape-like Long arms	400-500	Large incisors & cauines	Eastern Africa	4-2.5mil.
Pithecantropus	Very heavy build Long arms	410-530	Smaller incisors & cauines large molars	Eastern Africa	3-2.5mil.
Homo Habilis	Relatively Long arms	520-650	Small face, nose developed	Eastern Africa	2.4mil. 1.6mil.
Homo Erectus	Humans-like	700-1250	Flat skull, Occipital ridge	Africa, Asia Indauesia	1.8mil. 0.3mil.
Neaerderthals	Humanlike	1200-1750	Larger nose, midface projection	Africa , Europe Western Asia	250,000 30,000
Homo Sapieus	Human	1200-1700	High skull	Africa Western Asia	200,000 Present

Scientists in Ethiopia have discovered 17 fossilized remains of the earliest human ancestors.  Named Australopithecus ramidus, the fossils are one of science's most significant discoveries in the past two decades.  This newest find is nearly one million years older than the previous earliest discovery in Africa of 3.6 million years ago.

Within the context of the human species' process of birth, development, decline, death, and rebirth AA, HH, HE, and HSN all were born, developed, declined, died off, and were reborn in the next higher hominid type until present day modern HSS was born.   Each human species stage reflected its ability to adapt to a changing, maturing planet earth.  From the fossil evidence a particular specimen in the hominid line develops over a long period of time, sometimes millions of years, and then the earth changes, and in a short time relative to its species history a higher, better equipped, human organism is born only to replicate the same process on a higher and more complex level.  After tens of thousands of years, human beings became distinct from other primates in the process of labor, which accelerated the differentiation of the human hand from the foot, and supported the transition to an erect gait.  New methods of tool use advanced all species of human life that survived.  The specialization of the hand required tools, and the tool required specific human labor production.  With the development of social labor practices there was a development of speech communication and the complex development of the anterior lobe of the brain, which allowed for the conscious thinking processes.

In all forms of matter, extended evolution paved the way for concentrated revolutions, while the latter consummates the former and opens the way for further evolution, however, on a higher more complex level.  In the process of these extend evolutionary developments and short, abrupt revolutionary leaps, the first four human life forms were sublated, superseded and finally replaced all together.   The first four stages of hominid life AA, HH, HE, HSN all came into being, grew and developed as species, faced a crisis in tier earthly habitat, struggled for their existence, were unable to adapt, were unable to adjust, and therefore died out completely and became ultimately extinct.  That fragment of the HSN population that did adapt, mutate, fit itself, and thereby qualitatively transform itself into a new species laid the foundation for the modern human species.

What remains today, is the fifth stage, the fifth species: homo sapiens sapiens (HSS).   As with the other four stages of human life, HSS also originated first in Africa, around the equator and later moved out to populate the rest of the world.

Human Race Was Originally Black

200,000 to 40,000 Years Ago

The chain of hominids is made up of five human species. The first three never left Africa. The last three reached such a level that they could not only spread over Africa but leave Africa with their industries to people other continents.  Therefore after verification it appears that the African species were always older than those on other continents and other parts of the world. 

The first two specimens, australopithecus and homo habilis were born in Africa and became extinct in Africa. Australopithecus (APC) or "southern hominid" eventually developed within its species, producing a total of four types named Australopithecus afaranis, africanus, robustus, and boise respectively.  APC fossil finds at Lake Baringo, Kenya are over 5,000,000 years old.  APC finds at Laetoli, Tanzania are over 3,700,000 years old and show evidence of hominids having the ability to walk somewhat upright.  Finds at Makapansgat, South Africa show evidence of hominids in Southern Africa over 3,000,000 years ago.  They were crude, with massive jaws, huge teeth, and virtually no foreheads (their average brain size was only about 1/3 of modern human's capacity). 

This entire species which developed and lasted for approximately three million years eventually declined and died out evolving into separate species, one of which was known as homo habilis or "handy with tools".  Homo habilis had slightly larger brains and more of a forehead than their APC ancestors did.  They also developed tool using, hunting, gathering food, and communication on a higher level than their ancestors did.  HH left the earliest direct evidence of shaped pebble and later stone tools with cutting edge and lived about 2,500,000 years ago in South and East Africa. They had slightly larger brain size than their ancestors, gathered food, hunted and began to develop speech.  APC and HH did not develop the sensory motor skill, or the survival requirements necessary for extended land migration and thus never left the continent.  They became extinct in Africa.

It required millions of years but the other three, HE, HSN, and HSS did develop the locomotive ability to leave Africa.  There were three migratory land routes available to them during a 1,000,000 years of land exposed due to ice ages: the Straits of Gibraltar, the Isthmus of Suez and the Horn of Ethiopia, around Djibouti in relations to modern-day South Yemen.  Of the three routes, only the Nile River route from south to north toward the Isthmus of Suez was consistently available for millions of years.

With their advanced tools and bodies, HE penetrated deeper into the African forests and eventually spread all over the world about 30 to 50 thousand years ago, fishing with lanceheads and hunting savanna game with spearheads. This era, known as the Middle Stone Age, led to the Late Stone Age 20,000 years ago.   This period saw enhanced technological innovations such as small fine blades being inserted or glued into grooves in wooden handles or shafts to produce knives, saws, spears and bows and arrows that revolutionized hunting.

With a brain size of nearly two-thirds that of modern woman and man, HE moved out of Africa by way of the Isthmus of Suez, the Straits of Gibraltar, and the Horn of Ethiopia were it meets South Yemen.  HE populations that left Africa split off in different directions eventually inhabiting Asia, and Europe.  As a more complex species and having the ability to stand erect, HE was able to maneuver and explore its environment for new food, clothing, and shelter resources.  Homo erectus would eventually die off as a species, incapable of abrupt changes in the earth.  HE would give way to Neanderthals (HSN), which also would become extinct.  The species which follows the Neanderthal is homo sapiens sapiens, who has the same morphology as modern humans.

Based on: (1) the concrete fossil evidence discovered in Africa, (2) recent findings based on the study of mitochondria DNA in evolutionary biology, (3) the sequence of chronological dates, and (4) documented human migratory routes out of Africa, all six primary stages of humankind originated in Africa.  They were all Black. All species of organic life have the property of reflection, and as a direct result become mirror reflections of the external environmental stimuli to which they are forced to adapt.    Given that all five stages of human development originated on the African continent within equatorial regions their skin color was black as a necessary protection against ultraviolet sunrays.  Initially, then, all human life was homogenous, all human life was black.  It was only after Black-skinned humans left Africa to people other areas of the world, which had variant climates that phenotypic changes occurred as a result of adaptation to a new climate.

Early humans born in Africa were necessarily dark-skinned due to the considerable force of ultraviolet radiation in the equatorial belt. As they moved toward the more temperate climates, this population gradually lost its pigmentation by process of selection and adaptation. It is from this perspective that the appearance of the Cro-Magnon group in Europe must be seen. Therefore, Cro-Magnons did not drop from the sky.  Rather they are the product of the mutation of the Grimaldian Blacks; no pre-historical archeology has provided any other explanation for their appearance. 

The hominid evolution took several million years and East Africa is the mother of mankind. Early physical and technological development of man took place in East Africa from where early Hominid eventually slowly dared other climatic environments of the world.  Racial differentiation resulted from climatic conditions forcing black populations to adapt gradually to the cold climate to survive. Dark skins had advantages in hot sunny areas since they protect the body against the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation, minimizing the incidence of skin cancer for example. Light skins are advantageous in cloudy areas with low insulation since they facilitate the body's synthesis of Vitamin D, thus reducing the incidence of rickets.  There is only one human race and it was initially all Black. White is a sub-race that evolved through gene mutation, natural selection, genetic drift and population mixing or hybridization over a period spanning thousands of years and the yellow sub-sub-division arose from the mixture of Black and White.

The species is homo sapiens, which means modern human being; the genus is homo which means hominids with relatively large brains and cranial capacity who make tools and exhibit other elements of culture; the family is hominids which are hominoids that walk upright, have large brains, and small canines, specifically australopithecines; the super-family is hominoids which are primates that can climb trees, without tails, relatively large land animals with relatively flat to round faces specifically apes, australopithecines and humans; the order is primates which are mammals that use sight more than scent, have nails instead of claws on grasping feet and hands, most active in daylight, with relatively large brains, and body hairs; the class are mammals which are vertebrates that have hair and suckle their young; the subphylum is vertebrates which are chordates that have vertebrae such as reptiles, birds, fish, amphibians, and mammals; the phylum is chordates which are animals that are partially supported by a rod of cartilage or bone vertebrae and an internal skeleton; and the kingdom is animal which are organisms that use other organisms for food and that move under their own power on land, in water and air.  

Color/Population Differentiation of Humanity in Europe and Asia after Leaving Africa

30,000 - 110,000 Years Ago

Fossil finds of African Homo sapiens sapiens, (Omo I, Kanjera in Central East Africa) place human culture at between 150,000 and 130,000 years ago, which are at least 90,000 years older than any Homo sapiens sapiens found in Europe or Asia.  African (Black) Homo sapiens sapiens, called Grimaldians, left Africa moving into western Europe (Spain, France, Italy, etc.) 40,000 years ago.  Grimaldian and Aurignacian cultures, which were C-14 dated, were in existence from 32,000-35,000 years ago.   At this time humanity is represented only by Black Homo sapien sapiens.  There were no whites.  There were no Semites.  There were no Asians. 

After settling in Europe, Grimaldians next traveled across Northern Asia into Siberia, while other sub-groups went into India and China, and Siberia, split off from China and headed south-east to inhabit Indonesia and Australia.  Those that went northeast crossed the Bering Straits (at the end of the Fourth Glaciation Period) and traveled into North America, then Central America, then South America, and the Caribbean Islands.Human survival mandated necessary adaptations---a sort of biological "goodness of fit".  In the process of biological adaptations to different geography, climates, vegetation, etc., phenotypic variations materialized in these humans resulting in present population differentiation.  Black populations became brown, white, yellow, red, or any mixture of the five based on environmental adaptations, mutations, and various breeding trends. The morphological evidence of Homo sapiens sapiens fossils before the fourth glacial epoch shows them to be African Grimaldian, human Black populations.  It was not until the fourth glaciation that the differentiation of African Grimaldi (HSS) into variant phenotypes occurred, following an extended period of adaptation by fractional population units which were imprisoned by perma-frost and ice sheets. 

Black African Homo sapiens sapiens, identical to modern human beings left Africa split off in different directions, with some inhabiting areas in Europe and traveling across northern Asia into Siberia while other groupings went into India and China and headed south to inhabit Indonesia and Australia.  Those that went North, crossed the Bering Straits and traveled into North America, then Central and South America moving from the West coast toward the east, ultimately ending up in the modern day Caribbean Islands, and eventually inhabiting the rest of the world.  By 25,000 years ago, the fossil record for Cro-Magnon begins in Southern France; these are the proto types of the leucoderm or white races.  By 20,000 years ago prototypes of the yellow race or Chancelade man and woman become evident in Asia.

Gloger's Law establishes that warm-blooded animals existing in tropic-equatorial climates will secrete melanin as a block on dangerously intense ultra violent sunrays.  The more intense the sun rays, the larger the concentration of melanin; the larger the concentration of melanin the darker the skin.  Melanin is the basis of black skin, hair, eyes, etc. one of the essential functions of human skin is to produce vitamin D, which is manufactured in the skin as it interacts with ultra violent rays from the sun.  In equatorial regions, animals with melanin in their skin have the necessary natural screens, which allow the proper amount.  If one lives on the equator, one is constantly showered with the most direct sunrays possible on earth.  Skin could not originally be white; nor would it be light brown unless there was a recent migration to the region.  People born on the equator were originally Black.  Mendelian science establishes dominant and recessive traits in plants and animals.  Dominant dark traits produce recessive light traits.  Expanded human features for expanded, hot bright climatic conditions.  Contracted human features for contracted cold, freezing, dark climatic conditions.

Given the three routes, in successive waves HE, HSN, and HSS populations moved sporadically to other continents which they then became a mirror reflection of in skin color, hard texture, eye color, lip and jaw shape, etc.  Through all stages of human migration the Nile River, the world's longest, was the primary highway to the rest of the unpopulated globe, and thus it should come, logically, as no surprise that the first settlements, class societies and "civilizations" originated not in southwest Asia, but in Africa, along the Nile, first in the southern interior and later down near the Nile Valley Delta.

Black-skinned Grimaldians had three choices, other than certain extinction, when trapped in Ice Age freezing conditions: (1) attempt to leave the cold dark areas; (2) discover a dietary source, or (3) loose their melanin screen which results in dark phenotypic features of skin, eyes, lips, hair, etc.  In most cases, those that survived in later generations lost their skin color in a process of mutation via the mechanism of albinism.  White skin became an advantage in cold, dark and frigid conditions, thus allowing for the efficient absorption of available sunlight and more proficient processing of vitamin D.

Humans originated in one place.  Africa.  They were all Black.  They became different, superficially, as they passed on to other parts of the globe.   These Black Homo sapiens sapiens invariably left Africa in the process of hunting for food.  They dispersed in an irregular manner, with this irregular distribution depending essentially on the diversity of geographical, climatic and variant ecological conditions.  These factors are responsible for the random distributions of foodstuffs, fiber, and sites most favorable for demographic group population evolutions.  Consequently, as hominids traveled into various parts of the world most of their external phenotypic features changed due to changes in geography, climate, terrain, diet and the necessary adaptations within the human species.  Originating on or around the equator, black-skinned Grimaldi (HH), in a process of migration to Europe, isolation due to the onset of the final Wurmian Ice Age and the resulting biological adaptations in the form of mutation became Cro-Magnon (HH), and Chancelade (HH) between 40,000bp to 15,000bp.

Mutations entail changes in any traits of the phenotype and determine the entire range of variation in living organisms in combination and recombination as well as the heterogeneity of natural populations.  The primary causes of changes in population genotype composition are natural selection, mutation processes, population fluctuations, and isolation. Mutation, population fluctuation, and isolation affect the genotypic composition of populations in a nondirectional and random fashion.  Natural selection is the only directional evolutionary factory.  Specifically, (1) the narrowing of the nostrils, nasal cavities, and lips;  (2) contraction of protruding jaws; (3) detanglation of hair, and (4) the depigmentation of the skin, hair and the pupils of the eyes, are necessary phenotypic adaptations to an Ice Age environment over thousands of years of isolated reproductive physiological modifications.

In the transition from Grimaldian (Black) to Cro Magnon (White) to Chancelade (Yellow and Red) to variant differentiation, each new unit remained Homo sapiens sapiens but changed its skin, nose, hair, jaw, eye and other morphological appearances as necessary adaptation to different geography, climate and vegetation. African Gimaldians gradually drifted out of Africa into Europe, and through gene mutation, genetic drift, natural selection, hybridization or population mixing became white, Cro Magnon.  The mutation produced albinos.  The word albino comes from the Latin language albus, alba, meaning white.   In short, racial differentiation is caused by radiation changes; it resulted from climatic changes.  Blacks, trapped in Europe during an Ice Age, had to adapt gradually to cold climates in order to survive.   Dark skin became a disadvantage in Ice Age Europe.  Light skin became an advantage in cold, dark, cloudy areas with low insulation because it facilitates the human body's synthesis of Vitamin D, in the process reducing the occurrence of rickets, and other bone defenses.   Whites came from Blacks. 

Human Development Links

5 MYA	ancestors speciate from the ancestors of the chimpanzees. The latest common ancestor is Sahelanthropus tchadensis.The earliest in the human branch is Orrorin tugenensis (Millennium Man, Kenya). Both chimpanzees and humans have a larynx that repositions during the first two years of life to a spot between the pharynx and the lungs, indicating that the common ancestors have this feature, a precursor of speech.
4.4 MYA	Ardipithecus ramidus ramidus (Hominid? Walks upright most of the time? Still spend time on trees?)
3.7 MYA	Some Australopithecus afarensis left footprints on volcanic ash in Laetoli, Kenya (Northern Tanzania).
3 MYA	The bipedal australopithecines (early hominines) evolve in the savannas of Africa being hunted by Dinofelis.
2 MYA	Homo habilis Homo habilis is thought to be the ancestor of the lankier and more sophisticated, Homo ergaster, which in turn gave rise to the more human appearing species, Homo erectus. There is debate over whether H. habilis is a direct human ancestor, and over how many known fossils are properly attributed to the species.
1.8 MYA	Homo erectus Homo erectus evolves in Africa. Homo erectus would bear a striking resemblance to modern humans, but had a brain about 74 percent of the size of modern man. Its forehead is less sloping and the teeth are smaller. It is believed to be an ancestor of modern humans (with Homo heidelbergensis usually treated as an intermediary step).
1.75 MYA	Dmanisi man / Homo georgicus (Georgia, Russia), tiny brain came from Africa, with Homo erectus and Homo habilis characteristics.
700mya	Common genetic ancestor of humans and Neanderthal.
355kYA	Three 1.5m tall Homo heidelbergensis left footprints in powdery volcanic ash solidified in Italy. Homo heidelbergensis is the common ancestor of both Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. It is morphologically very similar to Homo erectus but Homo heidelbergensis had a larger brain-case, about 93% the size of that of Homo sapiens. The species was tall, 1.8 m (6 ft.) on average, and more muscular than modern humans.
195 YA	Omo1, Omo2 (Ethiopia, Omo river) are the earliest Homo sapiens
160 kYA	Homo sapiens (Homo sapiens idaltu) in Ethiopia, Awash River, Herto village, practise mortuary rituals and butcher hippos.
150 kYA	Birth of the mitochondrial Eve in Africa. She is the most recent female ancestor common to all mitochondrial lineages in humans alive today.
130 kYA	FOXP2 (gene associated with the development of speech) appears.
100 kYA	Homo sapiens The first anatomically modern humans (Homo sapiens) appear in Africa some time before this, they evolved from Homo heidelbergensis. At present estimate, humans have approximately 20,000-25,000 genes and share 99% of their DNA with the now extinct Neanderthal [3] and 95% of their DNA with their closest living evolutionary relative, the chimpanzees[4]. Homo sapiens skin is relatively hairless in comparison to other primates. The skin colour of contemporary humans can range from very dark brown to very pale pink. It is geographically stratified and in general correlates with the environmental level of UV. Human skin and hair colour is controlled in part by the MC1R gene. For example, the red hair and pale skin of some Europeans is the result of mutations in MC1R. Human skin has a capacity to darken (sun tanning) in response to UV exposure. Variation in the ability to sun tan is also controlled in part by MC1R.