Fundamental mathematics was used by school teachers, visers, judges, armed forces leaders, priests and priestesses, overseers in charge of workers, masons, surveyors, engineers, and tax collectors.  The KMTians were far better acquainted with hydrostatics and hydraulic engineering than modern scientists. The massive task of rechanneling the course of the Nile and bringing it to Memphis required the construction of a huge dyke whose mounds and embankments turned the water eastward forming lakes and estuaries.  Clearly, Kmtic hydraulic construction was far superior in form, engineering technique, planning, and application than other civilizations well into the 20^th century ad. 

• The ancient Kmtians worked from a base of 10 and used medu neter for the number 1 and for numbers that are powers of 10, such as 100 and 1,000. Symbols were repeated to show multiples of that value.  Mathematical sciences were linked to the practical needs of life. Science had to prove itself in action. It was an intellectual approach to reality, one that enabled humans to manipulate objects in order to achieve definite goals.
• In plain words, science at its birth was a type of knowledge that generated technical skills useful for social development. Good scientific methods were therefore those that helped people to understand nature so as to act upon it. From that viewpoint, understanding nature was not a matter of issuing verbal explanations for natural phenomena; it was a matter of achieving clear knowledge of realities, then using it in conscious action to reach desired goals
• Overriding intellectual attitude in the Rhind holds that the vocation of mathematical science is to stay committed to the methodical, operational control of the physical environment, while at the same time remaining a technical means for the explanation of reality.
• Method imposed rules necessary for understanding nature in all its aspects and phenomena, visible and invisible, patent as well as hidden
• In presenting a precise investigative method for research into nature, it reveals a highly scientific outlook
• Method is presented as a key factor into nature, in the acquisition of knowledge, in the constitution of science
• Every real science starts with a concern for method, defined as a path to desired outcomes. A science is also concerned with a program designed to regulate a set of linked and necessary operations. Method is essentially an operational logic designed to achieve set goals while also identifying errors to be avoided
• the Rhind has accomplished a decisive perception of number in its logical aspect. From that moment in African Kmt, mathematics, as a science of numbers, was conceived of as a set of rules and principles, a methodological corpus aimed at the penetration of nature, the understanding of all its secrets, and the comprehension of its underlying make-up
• Her is a mental attitude that expresses a scientific approach to intellectual work, replete with its practical implications
• for once committed to method, one moves farther away from received opinion and mass belief, often scientifically inconsistent, to embrace the serious and rigorous pursuit of reality
• The key philosophical issue, as far as the mathematical sciences in particular (and all science in general) has always been to understand the logical processes whereby the human mind avoids error in its search for truth. It is that logical process the KMTians called (method?) a set of rules, the correct method for studying nature in all its aspects and recesses, following a precise approach
• intellectual rigor was necessary because the only resource humans bring to the understanding of nature is reason, intelligence, shorn of all mysticism and superstition
• In the attempt to understand all that exists, human beings have to know from the start that there are things of which they are ignorant. This unknown aspect of reality was called ‘every mystery' and ‘every secret' of nature by Ahmes
• Method is mind at work in the field of science, following an approach typified by a global and systematic attitude, the recognition of the necessity of abstraction, the adherence to a systemic ethos
• Now in African Kmt, there was no arbitrary separation between theory and practice, rather a holistic way of thinking, systemic, global and comprehensive
• In practical terms, it was KMTic science, applied to the control of the environment and the creation fo a solid material base, that produced all that we now know as Peraa civilization
• Dispassionately contemplated, the entire range of ancient African Kmt civilization, with its canals, artificial lakes, statues, pyramids, obelisks, colossi, palaces, agricultural infrastructures right in the middle of an arid desert, its ceramics and its mummification skills, presents itself as the systematic application of science to production
• Science is not a discourse to be proclaimed for its own sake
• The Rhind presents solutions to theoretical problems raised by the practice of computing fractions
• Moscow papyrus deals with the problem of determining the volume of a pyramid
• African Kmt mathematical tradition produced a working approximation of the number pi, which belongs to the category of ‘transcendental numbers'
• The formulas were used to address practical problems involving architecture, etc.
• African Kmt held the necessity for a correct method be used in directing human intelligence in its effort to understand reality-the science of mathematics
• African Kmt conception of mathematics required that the abstract science be complemented by the applied and technical sciences
• African Kmt wanted to inform the whole study of natural phenomena with mathematical reasoning, thus ensuring that mathematical method, built on exactitude and rigor, governed the conception of spiritual and material life

Texts written to record or teach a mathematical procedure are an important source of information about Kmtian mathematics. Some papyrus fragments contain table texts, which were tables used to reckon fractions or to make conversions of weights or measures. The Rhind papyrus, a fifteen-foot-long scroll written around 1970 BC, records mathematical questions and their answers. Most of what is known about ancient Kmtian mathematics in that period was revealed by this scroll; it is apparent that Kmt scienctists and engineers 1000 years earlier knew more.  From 2976 to 1900 there was a regression of knowledge applied to the building sciences in Kmt.  The transition to building in mountains and underground required less precision and mathematical theory.  The Rhind papyrus merely shows that Kmtians had mastered arithmetic, algebra, and levels of fundamental plane geometry.  They also had developed formulas for solving problems with up to three unknowns. In addition there was geometrical and arithmetical progressions using fractions, unknowns, averages, and even point decimal holders.  Kmtians knew addition and subtraction. They could multiply and divide. They were familiar with roots and square roots. The ancient Kmtians also could plot an arch, and find the area of a triangle and a circle, for which they used 3.16, very close to the 3.1416 of pi. The Kmtians mastered geometry, trigonometry, algebra, and civil engineering math. They calculated that a triangle whose sides were in the ratio of 3:4:5 had a right angle opposite the hypotenuse and knew the principle of what became the Pythagorean Theorem---over 1750 years before Pythagorus.

The scientific heritage of the ancient Kmtians is known from actual applied scientific techniques more than abstracted theoretical translations of which the plagiarist Greeks, Romans, and Arabs have an ancient monopoly.  It is easy to have summary notes in your own language of something someone else wrote and built when you have conquered them, seized their documents, translated them into your language, burned their originals as you burned down their libraries, and kept only the hastily manufactured notes you plagiarized in antiquity.  But the buildings in Kmt still stand, the urban centers of this great civilization are still in outline, even with the modern occupation, and encroaching Arabs caretaking and taking advantage of the fruits of their conquest.

Kmt writings document results from the application of mathematics, engineering, civil planning, astronomy, medicine, and geometry. The ancient African Kmtian people understood decimal numbers and fractions.  They were masters of plane geometry and were able to calculate geometrical areas, such as the areas of circles, squares, rectangles, and triangles. They also understood elementary trigonometry.  Their pyramid age is a living testimony to this 1000 years of mastery.  Mathematics and calculus was used to study astronomy by the Africans in Kmt.  For thousands of years they studied, observed, mapped, and charted the course of the galaxy with such precision that they created a galactic Kmtian calendar.  The Arabs and the Romans never produced anything but lunar and solar calendars.  Science grew out of practical needs of people, summed up as applied theory and expressed in mathematical/engineering formula.  It only became abstract after the invasions and occupations of the whites and the arabs who need to extract the scientific kernel and cart it back to Europe and Arabia---along with whatever else they were stealing.  The conquest of civilizations take centuries if the conquers are actually behind the conquered in everything but weapons of mass destruction.  Look at what the vandals, Goths, and Visgoths did to the great Roman empire---sacking it and forcing it into a 600 year "dark age." The murderous Greeks/Romans/Arabs did the same thing to ancient African Kmt---only this was a white age of death and destruction that still is in affect even today. 

Ancient Kmtians were focused on science for life needs, like food, fiber and fruit drinks.  They studied the annual cycle of the seasons to establish the time for planting, plowing, cultivating and harvesting. The visers, educators, governors, astronomers and priests, also used math, applied to time, space and the motion of matter.  They were responsible for determining lesson plans, urban planning principles, mapping cities, outlining the grid plan for buildings and streets, preparing daily rituals and moral festivals, and organizing initiation rites. Water clocks and sundials were also invented by the Kmtians, which allowed the astronomers and priests to study the stars, map constellations, prepare seasonal calendars, and accurately monitor the passing of the 12 daylight hours, night and day, winter and summer. These water clocks had 12 carved columns of 11 false holes, corresponding to the hours of the night. The water flowed through a very small hole made in the center of the bottom, emerging on the outside.  To know the time, one had to look inside the basin to observe the water level and read the time according to the nearest false hole.

During the Greco-Roman occupation of African Kmt, Kmt became "Egypt," black passed into brown then into white; the first became last, and the last became first; Waset Kmt, the once great capital of Black Kmt was destroyed and the scroll/books were carted to Alexandria to serve as the basis for the education of the invaders/whites.  In over 300 years of imperialism, occupation, and predatory extraction of African scientific/philosophical knowledge the intellectual leadership shifted from Waset (Thebes) to white occupation fort: Alexandria. Kmt was home to a growing scientific and cultural movement for more than seven centuries. The ancient Library of Alexandria and its associated Museum (place of storage for everything the whites were stealing from Africans) gave birth to a new intellectual dynamic.

By seizing the documents, scrolls, artifacts, information and knowledge of other, translating it into Greek, the white Ptolemaic rulers set the standard for The Nazi Germany model, the Aryan model: conquer, seize, translate, plagiarize, transfer in to Wstern civilization, claim, burn down and destroy what other nonwhites had done, say they never did it.  The Alexander Library (the storage place of stolen scientific "thought matter" and applied theory summarized as mathematical formula) included about 900,000 books in different fields of knowledge. Ancient Kmt had led the ancient world in arts, military science, martial arts, literature, philosophy, engineering, chemistry, metallurgy, geometry, mathematics, urban planning, sculpture, construction, hydraulics, shipbuilding, astronomy, physics, and geography. Now it was Egypt, a leeched place for parasitic cultures and peoples to take what they wanted, claim it as their own, and use it to build their own civilization.

Worldview Drives Engineering and the Development of Science  

Technology applied to engineering is based on a society's worldview. A society's world view is written as a reflection of the ruling class, race, culture, gender and generation.  The ruling race in ancient Kmt was Black; the Upper Kmt Blacks of inner Africa had defeated the lower Kmt Browns of the Delta region, unified the Kmt nation into a federation of 42 states, governed as nomes with a prime minister or vizier managing the day to day operations of the Black nation.  Look at the documentary record from that period.  There were no Greeks, there were no Romans, there were no Arabs and Islam.  The culture was an indigenous Black adaptation to the Nile valley region and was reflective of the sum total of the way Africans adjusted to desserts, rivers, swamp land, mountains, lakes, and hot climate.  African men ruled, but not absolutely, given the period in which the planned communal monarchies had join male and female rulership/decision-making.  The worldview, the needs of the population and how they were met, the science of agriculture, the science, of mining, the science of construction, the science of medicine all sprang from living, working, thinking Black and brown people dealing with the day to day problems of life. 

First is the population, next is their adaptation to their environment, next is the development of tools to alter and increase the production of the necessities of life from the environment, next is the organization of the population around the tools and technologies and techniques, next is the organization of the technologies/techniques around the production of societies which produce and reproduce material culture---civilization.  African Kmt was no different.  The development of engineering and the science over 7,000 years ago in ancient Kmt demonstrates the level of excellence in technology development mastered by Africans in Kmt.  It also shows how this technology, these techniques, this engineering served an African worldview to accomplish societal goals of proving food, clothing, shelter, health care, education, transportation, communication, construction, and above all moral and ethics for the indigenous Black populations mastered in this life and the next.   When the indigenous Black Kmt population was conquered, their medu neter language was outlawed and replaced with Greek, Roman, and then Arabic---the language of the enslavers.  When the Black populations were defeated their education was stopped, their hair was no longer braided, their moral systems were ended, their clothing/fashion was stopped, their engineering sciences were stopped, their city planning was stopped, their names were changed, their food production/agriculture was stopped---they are walking around today in places like Darfur with Arab rags on their heads, mud and straw huts, filth everywhere.   This is what happens when another race destroys a race's civilization.  Look at the descendants of the Aztec, Toltecs, Inca.  Look what the whites did to them.  The Arabs did the same to indigenous Africans in what was Kmt, (now Egypt and the Sudan).  They decimated African civilization, replacing the languages, the national dress, the hair styles, the names, architecture, foods, housing, religions, ethics, race and worldview.

Morality and ethics fueled the development of Maat, and the system of Kmt Martial arts.  This worldview was reflected in their monumental architecture. These architectural and engineering marvels served as a societal organizing principle, a means of educating a work force with applied works, an accelerator of human learning and labor maturation, and demonstrated the state's greatness.  These Black people built for the ages.  In addition, the sciences such as mathematics, engineering, metallurgy, hydraulics, astronomy, urban planning, program coordination, state planning, geography, and medicine all had practical purposes as instruments of creating living daily manifestations of the Kmtian moral worldview. The most accomplished practitioners, the greatest multi-scientists, the best master teachers, the most skilled engineers/architects, the best and the brightest were accorded the highest status as priests, leaders, and even heroes/heroines---what whites call gods and goddesses.

Technology is how society does things, not merely what is thought of them or why: technology is the science of how synthesized with purpose applied to material problems of creation/construction or destruction.  It is neutral; how and for what purpose it is used is not.  The splitting of atoms can be used to produce immense nuclear power for energy or destructive nuclear bombs. Whites use it to kill, blow up people, terrorize and scare subordinated nations of nonwhites.  With the nuclear capacity to destroy the world 37 times over, these whites have taken scientific principles adaptable to production and used them for destruction.  While science is the study of the nature around us and subsequent development of scientific laws and abstracted applied theory, technology is the practical application of those laws toward the achievement of some material purpose. Something is built, manufactured, created, fashioned, constructed. Science is the body of knowledge obtained by methods of organized observation, experimentation, systematic summation, and formula/equationization---a body of knowledge that derives its facts from systematic observations/experimentation, integrates these facts with theories and then tests or modifies these theories using hypotheses to determine if they succeed or fail in predicting or explaining new observations.  Guiding principles are derived from these scientific laws and then or operationalized with the engineered construction of a new technology or applied method. 

The fact that 95%-98% of Black people have no understanding of science or technology, but 90%-95% of Black people are saturated with the otherworld religious mess of the enslavers is the reason why Black people cannot/will not create and build their own airplanes, skyscrapers, highways, water treatment plants, hospitals, universities, robots, computers or even a simple car or motor bike.  They do not know how.  Opening, promoting and supporting segregated religious institutions while closing and keeping Black people out of scientific/engineering and technical educational institutions---this is their formula for our continued backwardness, stupidity, ignorance, and dependence on them.  If children where taught from a young age how the world really works instead of the fairytales and other nonsense that slavemakers have made their curriculum, then they would know how to plan cities, build super highways, build schools, build cars/planes/ships, they would know how to build the machines that produce the food and clothing they eat and wear.  They would know how to feed, clothe, educate, and shelter themselves using nothing but the land and water that mother Earth has provided us.  Instead of waiting for others to help who have never done anything but harm us, we should be teaching pure science, technology, engineering and moral ethic. 

Let the whites (including Jews) and Arabs have their religions, myths, fairytales, and other story-telling.  Look at the condition we are in.  Look at who caused it.  Then look at how senseless it is to be putting faith in the "saviors" the slave-makers created for themselves.  Judging from the fact that these populations and religions have not done anything of worth for us in the past, it is a wonder that more Blacks have not seen through this scam.  Slavery did, however last for centuries; and we never rose up in a united front to crush it.  So this acceptance of mental slavery is understandable, though not condoned.  The slavemakers (whites/Arabs) made up their religions (wrote, published, printed, and sanctioned), invaded Black lands/crushed black populations, destroyed Black civilizations while extracting whatever science and technologies from the remaining remnants of Black culture, kept the Blacks out of their best science/technology schools and kept them away from science, then taught them religion through uncle-tom (European-centered and Arab-centered) ministers and imams.  The result is that most Black people do not know how to do anything that requires complex thinking.  Nothing.  Slavery religions do not build roads, cars, planes, houses, universities, hospitals, clinics; people with technical/scientific knowledge do. 

Today, less than 1.8 percent of the world's scientists are Black, whereas during ancient Kmt times almost all of the scientists, architects, and engineers in the world (3448bc-1990bc) were Black.  White people were just coming out of the savagery of cave-living and Arabs were still scattered backward roaming nomads.  Study this carefully.  How did the first, Black Kmt, become the last, and the last, whites/Arabs, become first?  This is the question you should ask and answer.  You will not get an answer to it crawling around on hands and knees to the east and west. 

Kmt's Moral Worldview

The large number of funerary inscriptions from the later pyramids, the Pyramids Texts, are the earliest examples of Kmtian literature, but their function was wholly moral. The Kmtians' peculiar property relationships, economy, social system, administration, and law were founded on the core concept of harmonious justice, called Maat. Maat principles and rituals was fundamental in Kmt life and living. Given its dependence on water from cyclical Nile River flooding, the encroaching dessert, the stationary mountain ranges, and the critical nature of the rebirth of crops, it is not surprising that Kmtian Maat, the fluid system of becoming, being, and to be, the union and struggle of opposites, dominated so much of day to day living.  In time, temples, moral centers, and initiation halls became the epicenters of the surrounding regions.  Wealth in the form of land, buildings, food, clothing, ships, minerals, etc (the same as today) was concentrated in the hands of ruling classes.  Because of the ease of navigation from one end of the country to the other by means of the gentle Nile, it was relatively easy to produce a unified system of government. 

The all pervading Maat principles was the basis of Kmtian civilization. Writing appeared in Kmt before the 5th millennium BCE. Ancient Kmt had two main scripts. Medu neter were used for formal royal inscriptions on monuments since before 3,600 BCE. Hieratic was a priestly shorthand that evolved soon afterwards.  Ancient Kmtian art, language, literature, law, and government were based on Maat principles.  The close ties between Maat principles and the Kmtians' basic outlook on life, their way of thinking, their goals, social order, language, architecture, dress, values, holidays, names, family structures, and philosophies, created a fundamental unity, national pride, national sense of self, and harmony that explains the longevity of the ancient culture. It is also important to recognize that the omnipresence of Maat principles as the basis for art, literature, law, government, and philosophy, was also the driver of Kmtian science, engineering, and skilled trades. However, the goals of science and engineering were practical ones.  Writing and reckoning were first and foremost technologies with African origins meeting societal needs. Knowledge in the first civilizations was subordinated to utilitarian ends and provided useful services in construction, agriclutrual cultivation and land redistribution, city planning, civil engineering, road building and maintenance, lake and river management, record keeping, political administration, economic transactions, calendrical precision, architectural and engineering projects, agricultural management, medicine and healing, Maat principles, and astrological prediction."

Specialization in medicine was well advanced; the medical profession was associated with the priesthood, since Maat principles was the basis of Kmtian medicine.  Medical diagnoses, practices, and prescriptions were closely associated with magical incantations. The Kmtian conservatism ensured that favorable remedies would be retained and used as the basis for further advances. Their early development and use of papyrus provided the means for codifying and distributing successful remedies. By the Middle Kingdom (c. 2040-1650 BCE), many important medical papyri had been written. In fact, six of the forty two books of human knowledge possessed by the ancient Kmtians were medical texts. They included: The structure of the body, diseases, the instruments of doctors, remedies, the diseases of the eyes, and diseases of women. Like the formulaic mathematical procedures, medicine was practiced using prescriptions related to the underlying causes of problems. The prescriptions are structured around the questioning of a patient, then proclamation of the symptoms, followed by a stock remedy.

Advanced Technological Society  

Ultimately, the city-states were conquered and consolidated into a nation-state, and later into an empire. Increased crop yields, surpluses, and wealth led to a desire to trade with neighbors, even distant ones, for luxury items and raw materials, including gold, silver, iron, and precious jewels. By the close of the Bronze Age, Kmt tombs frequently showed the exquisite achievements in fine arts, in the service of the moral mortuary cults. Here we find works in gold, silver, semi-precious metals, ivory, and curved furniture unrivalled in antiquity and even in modern times.  Settled city life facilitated new forms of technologies, such as metalworking, pottery, stone carving, and new forms of social organization. Bronze metals (copper alloyed with tin) offered distinct advantages over stone as tools and weapons, so control over Sinai copper mines was of great importance to Kmt. Metalworking involved a complicated set of technologies, including mining ore, smelting, hammering or casting the metal into useful tools. Bronze metallurgy required furnaces with bellows to raise temperatures to 1,100 degrees Celsius.

Kmtian astronomy evolved out of the need to establish the exact periods of time deemed indispensable for the performance of certain rites. In the mortuary service, astronomical observations played a significant part, in view of the links deemed to exist between the dead and celestial bodies and the need to compile a simple chronology on behalf of the occupant of the tomb. The invention of the calendar provided an ecclesiastical year or a calendar of festivals, which listed dates for observances and sacrifices. Astronomy not only developed in this way, but also was kept alive by the continuous observations necessary to fulfill the requirements of time management of a great civilization. Even the science of cartography, in its earliest representations, was concerned with the geography of this world and the afterworld. It was designed to serve as an aid to the dead on their journey and can be found on the bottoms of Middle Kingdom coffins. By the Ramesside period, five hundred years later, were maps compiled for economic or other practical purposes, such as the plan of the gold mines at Wadi Hammamat.

• Geometrical and Astronomical Standards Governed the Orientation of Architectural Structures
• The language in the document indicates that the author was describing what she/he was doing in that moment.
• The Peraa uttered the words as he performed the tasks of demarcating the site on which the temple, pyramid, obelisk, palace or sacred monument was to be erected.
• Instruments were used to precisely demarcate the direction and dimensions of boundaries of the chosen plot.
• During the ceremony, the principle of mathematics, writing and construction-Seshat-was invoked. Invoking seshat guaranteed that the orientation, computations, and determinations of astronomical alignments of the new building would comply with the cosmic standard regulating all that was just, true, perfect, and eternal.
• Buildings were positioned and oriented in accordance with astronomical computations; the orientation had to be harmonized with the motions of the stars
• The Great Bear constellation (near the North Pole) was the focus of many Peraa's
• The temple was designed to reflect on earth what existed in the universe
• The process of laying the foundation was: (1) Astronomical observation: to determine the north-south direction-the orientation of the axis-of the building, using the motion of the Great Bear as a guide; (2) the foundation-laying ceremony-the marking of the four corners of the temple
• "Astronomical sighting" was a technique used to arrive at a precise determination of the north-south orientation of their buildings. Sightings were effected using two instruments-T-square and a notched rule-to measure maximum intervals between the star η and the Great Bear
• The KMTians observed that certain constellations appeared regularly in the same positions for ten days-decans
• Observed instruments include: water levels, plumb lines, gnomonic pointers (of varying sizes), flat sundials, concave hemispherical sundials, view-finders, meridian locators, globes, and clepsydra (water clock)
• Astronomers would take measurements based upon observations with various instruments (e.g., merkhet) and compare theirs with previously drawn charts. These charts plotted the positions of the stars during the 12 hours of the night at 15-day intervals throughout the year
• The merkhet, the rule and the attached plumb line were mainly used for the observation of the stars and to determine the hour at night
• To tell daylight hours, KMTians used a simple wooden or ivory rule with a vertical edge and a plumb line. They determined what hour it was according to the length of the shadow
• KMTians were interested in precisely measuring time and its passage and to mark out exact orientations for their sacred buildings
• African Kmt scientists were able to determine that the earth was a sphere by observing lunar eclipses
• To construct pyramids and orient them with exactitude to the true North, it was necessary to have a solid grounding in astronomy, carefully calculated plans, precise instruments on the ground, and a methodical organizational system for supervising work sites where individual projects could take a considerable length of time.

Mathematics was supported by the state's temple authorities and it was a critical tool for organizing and maintaining Kmt's agricultural economy. The administrative nature of mathematics also explained the Kmtians' tradition of recording verbal and quantitative information in the form of lists. They were analytic or theoretical treatises, and examples for solving problems encountered in administrative and building works.. The Kmtians of 3,500 BCE to about 1,700 BCE used a symbolic hiertic number system. The symbols were combined to form intermediate numbers and formed a base-10 system that was positional. Kmtian numbers used separate signs for the decimal numbers and place value. The Kmtian system used addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, along with a method of duplication, an approach of multiplication by doubling and redoubling numbers. They also arrived at a superior calculation of pi, 256/81 or 3.16, and developed tables that facilitated working with fractions. The development and evolution of advanced mathematics by the priestly classes and the practical applications by the scribes of Kmt existed thousands of years before invasions of this African civilization by Europeans, Semites, then Arabs---this African civilization which had reached such perfections, though its 33 dynasties continued until the time of Alexander the Great, passed it s zenith more than 3,500 years ago.

The early dynasties of Kmt, having stone to work with, left a memorial that, fifty centuries after the Great Pyramid of Giza was raised over the mummified body of Cheops, is still the most magnificent tomb in the world. Among the temples at Thebes, there stands the Great Hall of Karnak, still the world's largest colonnaded room (329 x 170 feet) that covers as much space as the cathedral of Notre Dame.  In the course of 600 years the pharaonic architecture (3400-2800) experienced a transition from its modest beginnings of brick, wood, and woven mats into the mighty stone edifice in which the king was to reside in death. Since the Kmtians believed that a dead person had the same need for a house as a living person, a mastaba, or box-like structure of mud brick, was erected over a subterranean tomb. The early mastabas had the burial pit divided into compartments for the body and the dead person's treasured possessions. Inside the larger structure above ground, there were compartments for food, drink, a wooden boat for travel in the afterlife, and other necessities.  

The African people from Upper Kmt (south central nile valley region) had a custom of burying the dead with a mound of sand above the grave. the land of Kmt was built up from the alluvial deposits from the Upper Nile.. The mound of sand over a grave came to be equated with this primeval hill, and was thought to have life-giving power. As such, it came to be considered an indispensable part of the tomb. It was Djoser who in Dynasty III established his kingdom at Memphis, the symbolic balance of Upper and Lower Kmt, and thus combined the burial customs of the north and south in the form of the first pyramid. Djoser was the royal sponsor of this technological and artistic wonder and his chief architect, Imhotep, brought into being the Step Pyramid of Saqqara, west of Memphis. Imhotep transformed the old mound of sand, incased in a stepped arrangement of bricks, into a massive structure that covered and enclosed the complete tomb. The Step Pyramid was a stone replica of the ‘primeval mound' that emerged at the moment of creation from the chaotic waters to serve as the basis for the ordered cosmos, according to Kmtian cosmology. Thus, its visual effect was the replication of a moral event. Djoser and Imhotep experimented with several tomb designs, beginning the tomb as a mastaba. At Saqqara, they built a stone mastaba of unusual size and shape. It was square instead of oblong like its predecessors, and it was over 200 feet on a side and 26 feet high. They later enlarged this mastaba twice by adding stone to the sides. Before the second of these enlargements was completed, the king decided to make it into a layer of four square mastabas of decreasing size piled one atop the other.

Kmt Engineering Sciences

The foundations of the exact natural sciences were, therefore, first worked out by the Black Africans in African Kmt 2500 years before Greece, Rome, and later European and Arab metaphysicians invaded the North African region, seized the torch of scientific extradition along with millions of square miles of land, hundreds of millions of lives, and untold wealth in mineral resources, labor, and human intellectual thought matter stored up in ancient temples and libraries. The initial analysis of the universe into its individual parts; the embryonic mastery of astrophysics, physics, chemistry, biology, psychology, anthropology, archaeology, geology, mathematics; the grouping of the different natural processes and objects in definite classes; the study of the internal anatomy of organized bodies in their manifold forms; the classification of populations of the world as were known; animal husbandry, urban planning, civil engineering, astrology, advanced architecture, law, family organization, government, federal organization of states and cities (nomes), their stages of development---these are the fundamental conditions of the gigantic strides that ancient African Kmt had made before the destructive invasions tore the heart of African civilization, culture, and intellect from its initial centers along the Nile River.

African Kmt civilization was actually situated in an era period when science, philosophy, ethics, and religion were not yet departmentalized or separated from the mainstream of scientific thought. This form of thinking was not merely spiritual in nature---it was cosmological, it was all-embracing, it encompassed a system of thinking and living that not only embraced matters of faith, morality, honor, righteousness but also religion, philosophy, sociology, psychology, justice, and the natural sciences.

Science, therefore, was synthesized with spirituality, matter with antimatter, fact with myth. Historically, Western interpretations of KMTic thought has constantly bastardized any scientific theories or methods by labeling them as "religion" as opposed to philosophy, science, or theory. They know that religion did not build the scientifically precise great building structures in African Kmt---structures that are unmatched in size and splendor in the world. Even with such advanced KMTic scientific documents as (1) the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, (2) Ebers Medical Papyrus, (3) Papyrus of Moscow, (4) Medical Papyrus Adwin Smith, (5) Berlin Papyrus, and (6) Demotic Papyrus Carlseberg 1 to 9, Western science continues to propagandize the fabrication that African Kmt never had science or advanced philosophy, even though some of these indigenous African documents are over 2000 years older than documents of lesser scientific extradition in Greece or Rome. It is clear, however, that such a historical fraud could not continue if morally sound African scientists independently deciphered and published their own ancient indigenous documents. At present, only a minute few are capable of such necessary tasks.

Before constructing a pyramid, the pyramid site was chosen at a location on the edge of the desert plateau that was above the the high-water mark of the annual flood.

The bedrock was inspected to ensure that it did not contain dangerous cracks that might create an unstable foundation under the weight of the huge construction.

The rock foundation was then leveled very accurately using methods developed from experience in smoothing cultivated fields for irrigation. A low ridge of mud was built around the area, then filled with water and divided into small grids, in which the top of each grid should have been on the same level above the water.

The spaces between the grids were then leveled after the water evaporated or was drained. Part of an abandoned trench system for leveling is found near the second pyramid of King Khafra to the north of Giza. The site would be on the west side of the Nile, where the sun sets and where the spirit of the king could accompany the sun god through the underworld. It was not far from the royal residence and was easily reached by boat from the Nile so the king and his courtiers could visit the site. This also allowed for the easy transportation of building stone and other material and for the royal funerary equipment. The base of the pyramid was as square as possible. Each side directly faced one of the four cardinal points.

The east was fixed with the help of astronomical observation at sunrise and sunset on the two days of the equinox every year. The east-west axis was drawn first and the north-south axis was then determined using a setsquare and observing a circumpolar star. The pyramid was built using stone blocks transported to the western side near the plateau. Then with the help of oxen, they were dragged on sledges up ramps made of stone chips and mud. The building usually began by laying the first course horizontally and then ensuring that it was level. The ramps then were gradually raised around the structure to build the second course and so on. The stone blocks were laid on top of each other and a kind of mortar was used to fill the gaps with stone chips to form a level surface. The pyramid was encased in a layer of polished white limestone from the Muqattam hills on the eastern side of the Nile. On top of the pyramid, the pyramidion, or capstone, was placed. The pyramidion was made of the same stone or a harder stone.

The ancient Kmtians were able to complete sophisticated engineering projects such as the great pyramids and massive temples with primitive tools. They developed methods for quarrying and moving massive stone blocks and then placing them in position. Pyramids were built on a perfectly horizontal base, aligned with the stars. Masons, engineers, and construction workers used parts of their bodies as a system of measurement. Their basic unit was the cubit, the distance between the elbow and the tip of the middle finger. Despite variances in the size of body parts of different workers, this system was fine for small projects. The royal cubit, which was 52.5 centimeters (20.6 inches) was set as the standard for temples and pyramids, which required greater precision. Architects, surveyors, and construction workers used special tools and instruments to observe the stars and orient the structures according to the four directions and to make accurate straight lines and right angles.Several theories exist regarding how the ancient Kmtians created a perfectly horizontal base for the pyramids. Early Kmtologists believed the Kmtians first cut a grid of shallow trenches into the foundation rock then flooded them with water. The intervening "islands" of stone could then be reduced to an even height. More recently, it is thought they simply made sure the perimeter strips around the edges of the pyramid were as perfectly horizontal as possible. The massive stone blocks were cut from quarries located relatively near the building projects. Limestone was the most common and quarries have been found at Saqqara, Giza, and Dashur.

Granite was quarried at Aswan. Stone blocks were marked out with just enough space for workers to stand between them. No saws or drilling equipment have been found to date, but tomb paintings provide some information about the techniques used to cut and refine the limestone or granite boulders. Workers used iron and copper saws, drills, pickaxes and chisels and granite hammers. The hard stone would have worn down the copper drills and saws used at the time, but it is speculated that the Kmtians added sand to the grooves between the stone and the tools. The sharp sand crystals would have increased the tools' cutting power. After they were cut, the stones were moved down the Nile on large wooden barges and then transported to the site on large wooden sledges pulled by hundreds of men or oxen. The sledges were pulled along a path made slick with Nile mud or by wetting the sand, which made it easier to move the heavy blocks. The ancient Kmtians used several different types of ramps, both internal and external to the pyramid, to drag the huge stones into place. They probably used wooden and bronze levers to move the blocks into position.

To raise the obelisks, the largest of which weighed about 500 tons, ancient Kmtians would first raise a high mound of rubble and sand near where the obelisk was to stand. The obelisk would be dragged horizontally onto the mound with its base facing the foundation. Around the foundation, a large, square stone box-like structure was built and filled with sand. The obelisk was dragged to rest on the sand, which workers began to remove from an opening at the bottom of the box. As the sand was removed, the obelisk would slowly move down into the box until it stood upright.

The ancient Kmtians had the earliest examples of the holistic health practitioner. They treated the whole person, physically, mentally, and spiritually. Many of the medicinal herbs we use today were first used by the ancient Kmtians and our knowledge of anatomy was handed down to us by these ancient healers from their experience with mummification. The Kmtians started practicing medicine as a science very early, around 4200 BC. Evidence from this time suggests that the green eye paint, malachite, was used to prevent a certain parasitic eye disease. The Kmtians are credited for being one of the first civilizations to have practicing physicians, the earliest one being Imhotep, a great healer.  Doctors and some priests were taught medicine through years of training at the temples. Kmtian medical practitioners knew a lot about the human body, even though there were no medical schools as now commonly known. Their knowledge came primarily through the process of mummification, in which they removed and examined different parts of the body after death. Those internal organs were often placed in what is known as the canopic jars. They knew about the various fluids of the brain, the exact location of the heart, and that the arteries were hollow and that blood circulated throughout the body. They also performed a number of surgical operations, as evidenced by discoveries of some skeletons.The Kmtian physicians were also excellent observers and they knew the importance of listening to their patients. Generally, the most important fields of medicine were caring for women and children and treating sterile patients. Tests were performed on women to check their ability to become pregnant or to determine the sex of the fetus. Doctors also invented many methods to facilitate difficult deliveries. Those methods were passed down through generations, as a medical manuscript from the sixteenth century BC recorded 13 methods of delivery.  Gastroenteritis, stomachaches, coughs, toothaches and eye diseases were common in Kmt. Physicians used natural materials for most treatments. Physicians were able to count the heartbeats using the water clock. The practice of medicine in Kmt flourished from 3200bc-900bc.

Kmt Holistic Medicine: This selection discusses the heart in a serious effort to clarify its physiology-the way it moves and functions, as well as its anatomy

• African Kmt knew about the vascular system inside the human body. They discovered that the heart was the main motor of the human body, the starting point for the irrigation of the whole organism.
• After this discovery, it became possible for doctors, no matter what their fields of specialization, to sense body pulses related to the beating of the heart by using their hands to palpate the form of an organ, and their fingers mainly to feel pulses in organs more distant from the heart
• The pulse was taken on different parts of the body to measure the pulse in the temple, the carotid artery, the radial pulse, the pulse of the heart, the humeral pulses, pulses in the tibia and other pulses;
• The fact that medical practitioners in African Kmt could diagnose breakdowns in the functioning of the heart and vascular system by taking pulses from outlying parts of the body implies that they knew about cardio-vascular pathology
• African Kmt doctors understood that pulses transmitted rhythms of the heartbeats to all members of the body, and therefore they evaluated the heart through its members
• the medium by which these messages were transmitted is the blood
• There existed the capacity to measure heart rate: (1) there was the practice of taking the heartbeat; (2) there was the existence of an instrument adaptable for measuring the number of heartbeats per unit of time
• African Kmt experienced a period of intense scientific development-365-day calendar was introduced at least by 4200bce; by 3300, had developed a system of writing and numbering; and by 1850bce had developed a formula for calculating the quadrilateral pyramid
• The Papyrus Ebers is the first medical encyclopedia, and contains the first reference to measuring the pulse; in addition, diagnoses and prognoses are given in this text; the circulation of blood was described as a one-way process, with blood flowing from the heart toward outlying areas
• There was an anthropological character to the practice and understanding of KMTic medicine-psycho-somatic; scientific remedies were combined with affirmations and incantations to heal the whole person
• As part of the process of understanding psychological issues in a person, dreams were induced and interpreted
• Treatments also included aromatherapy, garlic, onion, scilla bulbs, incense, yoga, hypnotherapy
• Their doctor-priests possessed tremendous self-discipline and self-control-had an extraordinary capacity for mental concentration and self-mastery
• Humans are considered to consist of a combination of material and spiritual forces, intimately intertwined
• The body-khet-has organs and instincts, organic impulses and desires
• Ka is the vital force which gives the body life. It is conceived as a sort of specific, astral double of the individual being and expressed the intimate essence of the ego; the psychologically conscious self, aware of reality and engaged with the outside world as it perceives and knows it, and whose normal function is to explore ways and means for satisfying the Khet
• The Ba is a principle of divine origin, placed above the Khet and Ka; moral consciousness, source of obligations, taboos, a product oof education
• Akh-after death the human being was destined to become Akh, that is to say a higher form of consciousness and conscience; to become akh was to become luminous with the very light of the sun
• Illness was not the result of moral and personal disorder or as a punishment for sin, rather it was a material reflection of a constant, universal struggle between health-giving forces and toxic ones
• Human beings were conceived as total entities-beings which, while prone to suffering in their tangible flesh, have an essence whose vocation is to create conditions for the growth of the spiritual, divine aspect of humanity; everything came from the demiurge and all returns to it
• African Kmt philosophy posits that humanity is divine; the human being, as god, is born, lives, dies, but is god nonetheless, connected to all that exists in the universe. The practice of mummification is linked with this conception
• Its meaning (divinity of humans) is the unending exaltation of life, an invocation of the hope that certain people will continue living forever, energized by the sun itself, which, after every nocturnal interval, resumes the cycle of life again for its own self, every day.
• Living with the energy of the creative Sun, human beings were expected in turn, every day, to regenerate that sacred, divine temple which was not only inside them, but was their very being
• Medical science in African Kmt was a total science with the expectation that human beings could reach beyond their earthly nature to attain the sacred
• In the art of healing, an array of objects, practices and strategies was deployed to aid the effort of healing-drugs, medicines, oils and fragrances, rituals and sacred ceremonies, the development of mental powers, ancestral myths, magic, religion, the natural sciences: all contributed to the practice of the healing arts
• African Kmt doctors were able to determine whether or not a woman was pregnant
• Doctors were not only highly skilled, but also were able to specialize in various fields of medicine, including ear, nose and throat, eyes, digestive system, gynecology, head, dentistry
• Various diseases and conditions afflicting the head, heart, eyes, etc., were understood and treated using a variety of methods
• In treating psychological/psychic disorders, doctors used various techniques in their temple practices including incubation, revelation, dreams and fantasies, hypnosis, water cures, psychotherapy, and other techniques considered useful at the time
• A Lesion of the Spinal Column:This case deals with a fracture entailing a dislocation of the cervical vertebrae
• Precise observations of symptoms, conditions, the body's physiology demonstrates that KMTic surgeons established anatomical connections between injuries to the central system and damage to peripheral organs.
• That means that they recognized the unity of the nervous system and the interconnection of central and peripheral nerves
• they also identified direct links between upper and lower levels of nerve networks. They understood that lesions in the upper regions cause corresponding lesions in lower regions of the spinal cord.
• Dissection
• Demonstrated anatomical knowledge of the masseter muscle, the outer corner of the lower jaw, the temporal bone, and the ascending portion of the lower jaw, all deployed to explain a contraction of a lower jaw muscle caused by an attack of tetanus in the region of the head, indicates that ancient Kmtian surgeons were thoroughly familiar with the masseter muscle.
• the strict scientific reality is that the only way to locate and identify this masseter muscle is through dissection for explicitly medical purposes
• Impaired Comprehension and Speech Due to Brain Damage: Significant in this text is: it appears that the crushing of the temple has resulted in a compound fracture, with several apparent consequences, including an internal swelling of a ruptured blood vessel which has exerted pressure on the left part of the temporal-parietal region; secondly a swelling extending beyond that space touches the area of the brain where the main fissure through which the sylvian artery passes is located. The result is that the patient suffers double injury-an impaired comprehension of language and loss of the motor ability to articulate language
• This is evidence that the KMTians were familiar with 2 variants of a condition of aphasia; which demonstrates their clear understanding of anatomical connections between the central nervous system and peripheral nerves

The main sources of knowledge of ancient Kmtian medicine are papyri dating back to the Pharaonic age. Some of the most famous are from Smith and Ebers, named after their discoverers and interpreters. They contain pathological cases, surgical procedures, and prescriptions to treat many diseases and wounds, mostly dependent on natural materials, but also including magical spells dating back to the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties. These papyri appear to be copies of earlier texts.Medicine was not separated from magic and moral rituals in ancient Kmt. Therapy through drugs and medications was used in treating patients.

Organization of Labor Like the two great provinces on which the First Dynasty pharaonic state rested, revenue were drawn from control of the water supply, taxation of landowners and peasants, and tribute formicary service. The Pharaoh took over and reshaped the administrative services of the two pre-dynastic states and developed a large corps of clerks, tax gatherers, commanders, governors, artists, and technicians. . Pyramid building, certainly in the Old and Middle Kingdoms, served as a dominant activity around which Kmtian society was organized.---how the pyramids built Kmt' might be more interesting than ‘how the pyramids were built'. Old Kingdom is not only the period in which pyramids are built, but also the time that was defined and indeed ‘created' by the pyramids - as planning time, building time, cult time, and eternal time.  It was a time when collective construction of gigantic structures caused laborers from all over the country to speak the same language in order to plan, agree, and live together. In this sense, Kmt as a culture and as a nation was created. The sequence of early pyramids were giant public works projects designed to mobilize the population during the agricultural off-season and to reinforce the idea and reality of the state of ancient Kmt.  Monumental building was therefore a kind of institutional muscle-flexing by the early Kmtian state, somewhat akin to the arms industry today.  The colossal marshaling of resources required to build the three pyramids at Giza - which dwarf all other pyramids before or since - shaped the civilization itself" 

A vast slave class did not build the pyramids. After extensive studies of geological history, the living arrangements, bread-making, animal husbandry and remains it is fact that free Black construction workers who built the pyramids were part of a rotating labor force in a modular, 2,100-3,000 person, team-based organization. The workers' graffiti revealed team names, such as ‘Friends of Khufu,' and ‘Soldiers of Menkaure,' True Believers of Ra.  These workers lived in a barracks style setting near the site of the pyramid being built, and were fed prime beef. These were not common laborers, but skilled workers.  Along with these skilled workers from all over the country, the manual labor of quarrying and hauling massive stone blocks was done by unskilled labors.  A surplus of idle agricultural workers available seasonally for three months a year during the Nile floods provided the labor pool.   Forced slave labor did not build the pyramids, but labor was conscripted (like military conscription today) and organized in work teams/obligatory labor---everyone owed service, even the highest officials owed service. The massive public expenditure entailed in the development of the pyramids was not solely for the glorification of a king, but rather for the welfare of the state.  Since the Kmtians believed that the king's creative powers held together the very order of the world and had to be preserved even beyond death, the construction of a pyramid was a communal moral effort on the part of Old Kingdom Kmtians.

Dimensions of a Middle Kingdom Ship

• Dimensions of a ship: The funerary ark of (Cheops) unearthed in 1954; it was a complete ship, from keel to the matted covering on the deck; the hull was built of cedar boards, carefully matched and bound together with twine
• An apparent shipbuilding technique used for ships of considerable size was-different parts of ships' hulls were attached to each other, not by nails hammered into rib joints, but literally by sewing planks together with cords through holes drilled very close together along edges of boards to be assembled
• Papyrus reeds were used for making most ropes, rigging, and sometimes sails
• there were giant cargo ships for freighting grain, stones, bricks, and huge obelisks hewn from the quarries of Aswan
• There were small skiffs used for day-to-day household errands and individual fishing; there were massive ferries transporting people and goods form one bank of the Nile to the other at numerous stations near towns and villages
• there were war fleets, pleasure boats, stable boats and boats serving as cowsheds
• the ships were manned by stalwart, organized crews of trained sailors, at home on the Nile or on the ocean. Some were expert weathermen, who monitored the ship's progress and plotted the course ahead, steering clear of shoals
• Teams of oarsmen labored to propel the ships; some boats were towed with papyrus ropes from the banks; practically all boats carried masts, so that whenever a favorable wind rose, sails were unfurled
• The most capacious ships had cabins; they were built of timber, decorated and painted
• As early as the Neolithic period, KMTians were building boats

Construction of a Recreational Lake

• Engineers were required for the conception, design, organization and management of such complex projects
• Record of achievements in various fields including hydraulic, engineering, especially their irrigation system; inter-ocean canal construction (linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean), development of nilometers, instrumental observatories for tracking flood levels on the Nile; construction of sacred lakes inside walled compounds; inter-urban roads; and large highways connecting cities of the living with necropolises
• KMTic architects developed techniques for constructing vaults without arches or frames
• To move huge blocks of stone needed for construction, KMTians knew advanced knowledge of the laws of balance
• To erect obelisks, a sophisticated system of inclined planes using unbaked bricks was developed

• Textile Related Chemical Industries
• The national cloth was linen
• Varieties of flax produced yarn of more or less fine quality
• Women spun and wove blue, purple and scarlet fabrics by hand
• Chemicals were used to dye fabric; they had knowledge of the effects of acids and a number of insights into chemistry
• Chemical analysis of fabrics indicate that indigo, henna, and red carthamis were used as dyes. In addition, the red tincture used to dye fabrics came from rose.
• Historical implications-It is possible to trace the evolution of African textiles from prehistoric times to the present, via African Kmt
• Philosophical implications-to those capable of deciphering the arts of weaving and dyeing are media for nothing less than a complete code, a style of social communication

POLITICO-GEOGRAPHY

• The socio-historical setting of Maat reaches back to pre-dynastic Kmt from 7706 years ago, at the time when the Kmtian state was established out of two kingdoms- Upper and Lower Kmt- in two successive unions.
• The political, being the state, or the nation of Kmt, also has a moral dimension. An example of this would be the Peraa institution. This is why the Peraa was called "Sa-Ra (The son-0f-the-Sun)." Which is why the state in ancient Kmt was divine.
• Meant that the society had to have a moral imperative in order to have social order. Meaning, they had a moral dimension to social order.
• Even the royalty in Ancient Kmt had a cosmic dimension. Not only a moral dimension, but the entire universe. So Peraa was not only the ruler of the state, but was responsible for the entire universe. Because the state belongs to Maat. So Royalty was also cosmic. Society also had its own cosmic dimension as a result of Maat, along with the moral dimension. And with this understanding, it brings to humanity Immortality and the cosmic light. In African Kmt, they believed that man did not die, but that you become a part of the Cosmic-Dimension of the universe when you past on. That was the meaning of immortality in ancient Kmt. That you belong to the cosmic-dimension of the universe.
• Is the SUN-Political dimension of the state dealing with humanity is know as the study of Political Science. The states Political dimension of Maat was called the "JA-TI", which was the administration. Which was presided over by the king himself, who was the chief administrator of the state or country. He was in charge of the management of the state, i.e., the Nile, the resources and the distribution of the resources. The society in its political dimension as far as Maat is concerned, was not only moral, or political, but also cosmic. As far as humanity and his political dimension, he must totally depend on the State. There was no such thing as revolution in Ancient African Kmt. For to be against the State, is to be against the divine. So one must obey the state. No revolution, no violence, etc., because this leads to disharmony, disorder, and hence the breakdown of Maat. There was no aggressiveness because this destroys the divine order, the political order, the moral order and the cosmic order.
• Ethics, morals, values, are mandated by our Creators. This is the social dimension of our Creator as far as Maat is concerned. That the values are guaranteed by our Creators in the social dimension. In other words, you can't acquire values or morals just-like-that. It had to come from our Creator who was also involved in the society. Which in turn affected the behavior of man.
• In the social dimension of politics, the Peraa in dealing with Maat, must protect the country. So when he went to war, it wasn't to conquer other lands, but to repel others away from the state who knew nothing about Maat. It was not to colonize. It was to protect the country against chaos. So they had to accomplish the will of Maat by protecting the country.
• Humanity in its social dimension, as far as Maat is concerned, has to have a sense of community in the form of solidarity. Integration harmony, all had to be done by the order of Maat. Your responsible for your community is based on social memory, consciousness. Meaning you must know your parents, mother's family, father's family-your ancestors. This was very important for Maat. You must have cultural memory. To have this is to link you to Maat. There can be no Maat without it. You must have knowledge of your values, your art, your language, your culture etc. The ancients of African Kmt said that death, life, old age, etc., are cosmic phenomena. It is a part of the cosmic process. This is why they didn't fear death. They believed that when you died, you became a part of the cosmos. Beauty was also worshipped under Maat, which they called "Neferu". The arts, architecture, crafts, etc. had to be beautiful in ancient African Kmt because of Maat. Where they used herbs in pharmacology. But the herbs had to have a Cosmic Dimension before they could be used to heal. In other words; they selection of certain herbs is based on the position of the sun, or the moon at a certain time of day. Or when the "Star Sirius" is at a certain point in the sky. Or the picking of herbs at a certain time of day or night. This is Maat Cosmic Dimension of pharmacology. There is also the Social Dimension to Healing. Certain prayers or hymns or giving libation to the ancestors in the form of good speech in asking for help in healing, was used to cure the sick.
• It was an adaptation to, rather than of, nature. It was a passive adaptation; only a very partial use of the land was made while it let the bulk of the Nile water run to waste in the sea. It limited agriculture to one-third of the year and did not permit any substantial extension of the cultivated area.19 Following a similar logic of discontent, African Kmt in the nineteenth century converted to a perennial irrigation system that required expensive storage reservoirs, more canals and headgates to regulate the passage of water, artificial fertilizers to replace sediment trapped in the reservoirs, and considerable disruption of rural life. In its favor, the new system made possible several crops a year, including cotton for exporting to the world markets. So African Kmt abandoned its time-tested ways and became rich -- or at least some of its citizens did. It shipped its products abroad until it no longer raised enough food to feed itself. And step by step it came to confront a mounting ecological backlash: salinity poisoning, degraded benign in its riverine impact, the old KMTian basin plan still required a high degree of coordinated control. A network of river watchers kept their eyes on the "nilometers" (depth scales engraved on stone pilings) that measured the water level at Memphis, Cairo, and other settlements. Up and down the Nile other officials stood ready to divert the rising current as it reached them.
• Laws and regulations to ensure an orderly apportionment of the flood had to be established. A program of water and agricultural planning, including food storage for drought years, helped give the capital city and its long succession of Peraas a great influence over local people. The authority of the Government in an absolutely rainless country like African Kmt becomes gradually . . . autocratic, as dispersed tribunals are more and more forced to admit its absolute supremacy. The efficient running of the basin system depended entirely on a strong, centralized government, for every upstream basin could endanger the riparian rights of those downstream."
• African Kmt, throughout most of its history, resembled one of its pyramids: there was a lofty pinnacle where the rulers sat and a broad base where an anonymous, voiceless peasantry toiled. Irrigation was the main factor, the means of production, creating that pyramid. Irrigation necessitated political centralization in African Kmt. When it was lacking and the water or food supply failed, the society collapsed into violent civil war, starvation, rotting corpses in the Nile, cannibalism, roving bands of marauders, and civil chaos that left the country vulnerable to outside aggressors.
• Governments, no matter how strong, could not always avoid such calamities, but it stands to reason that most of them tried desperately to do so and that they justified their power accumulation on the premise of preventing them. Human knowledge; the last six treated of anatomy, of pathology, of affections of the eye, instruments of surgery, and of medicines. No subsequent people has been so proficient in geometry as the builders of the Pyramids, the further back we go into history, the better and finer become the arts. In the temple of Dendera, which contained the renowned zodiacs, every one of the stones is covered with hieroglyphics; and the more ancient they are the more beautifully we find them chiseled. We can judge of the lofty civilizations reached in some periods of antiquity, yet in that epoch the arts and sciences were considered to be degenerating, and the secret of a number of the former had already been lost.
• In the excavations of Marietta Bey, at the root of the Pyramids, statues of wood and other relics have been exhumed, which show that long before the period of the first dynasties the KMTians had attained to a refinement and perfection which is calculated to excite the wonder of even the most ardent admirers with no barbarous customs, but a sort of stationary civilization from the most remote periods."

Kmt's Civilizing Role

Kmt planned cities good water supplies, drainage systems, fine government buildings, increasingly comfortable and luxurious houses, labor-saving inventions, and important advances in mathematics, astronomy, and medicine.

A careful study of the history of technology shows that, rather than it being the driver of society, indeed society's values, motivations, beliefs, and worldview drive and shape the evolution of technology. Also, it is possible see abstract science standing on the foundation of historical techniques and technological innovation given that so much pillage and theft of culture (in written form) has taken place in history.  What is and what is known are two separate things, one necessary for the other.  What we know, i.e., scientific knowledge, and what we don't know but try to explain, i.e., belief systems form a people's worldview.   If a population's world view consists mostly fairytales, gossip, will savior stories, worthless mythical mess, and the useless fraudulent fabrications of people who have made a living enslaving innocent people they will not be able to build their own roads, feed themselves, heal their bodies, build their own homes and schools, create their own educational and moral systems, make their own computers and robots---create their own material culture.  No wonder Africans are the riches in mineral wealth in the world and the poorest in material, mental, martial, and moral wealth in the world.  We have nothing because we do not know how to do anything with what we have.  Science/technology is at the center of this---not magic or religions.  Skilled populations do not starve. Martial artists do not crawl or beg.  Architect/engineers are not homeless.  People who know how do not beg, they do what they know. 

Black cultural values are what drove Kmt civilization.  Now it is driven by Arab cultural values which do not value anything Black.  Black people are to forever be their slaves and eunuchs.  Ancient Kmt shows us, the technology of monumental construction, calculation, record keeping, and organization, and especially what society does with these techniques, is a matter of cultural values and societal choice. In the Kmtians' case, the cultural values centered on Maat principles and the societal choice was one of maintaining an African-centered world complete with a model replication of the universe as they saw it---a flowing, cyclic, ever changing, becoming, process of struggle between opposites driving by an overriding will to justice via moral perfection.  This was Maat.  This was the path of the Great Ones, this was the goal of the travelers of the underworld, this was what made this great civilization last for over 7000 years.  They, of course, unified with the wrong opposite: brown with white as opposed to brown with Blacks in the interior of the African continent. 

As seen in Kmt, techniques of math was used for organizing labor and trade, geometry can be used for construction, and astronomical observation can be used to produce calendars and the determination of ideal planting cycles. In this sense, it can be sometimes viewed as applied science. Technology relies very heavily upon basic scientific knowledge in addition to existing technologies.

Then Djoser, or Imhotep acting on his behalf, changed his mind again. The novel feature that Imhotep added was the layering of six successive stages of lesser lengths, and those layers were in permanent stone, rather than mud brick. These six successively smaller layers of stone blocks gave it a ‘stepped' look, which rose to over 204 feet. The massive stone mound encompassed a rectangular area 596 yards long and 306 yards wide. It had an elaborate network of shafts, tunnels, ramps, corridors, and chambers in its substructure. It also had a central chamber for the king's body and other chambers to accommodate members of the royal family. The king's chamber was built entirely from pink granite from Aswan and was located at the bottom of the shaft. The entire compound was surrounded by an enclosure wall of glistening white limestone that was about 33 feet in height and over a mile in circumference. Within the wall was a festival court, where Djoser could celebrate an unending series of sed festivals of renewal, and chapels for his mortuary cult. A life-size statue, which was walled up in a chamber on the north side of the pyramid, depicted Djoser in his festival regalia. Even ceiling beams and half open doors were made of imperishable stone.

The use of stone as a medium, plus the geometrical symbolism of the pyramid tomb as a place of ascent to heaven marked a change in the Kmtian moral symbolism.. Consider the immensity of the Great Pyramid that sits on the west bank of the Nile just above Cairo. It is the largest stone structure ever built. "The cathedrals of Florence, Milan, St. Peter's at Rome, St. Paul's in London, and Westminster Abbey could all be placed at once on an area the size of its base," it was the largest single human construction of antiquity. It required 94 million cubic feet of masonry (2.6 million cubic meters), made up of 2.3 million blocks averaging 2.5 tons each. Its total weight is 6 million tons. It stands 485 feet high in 210 layers of stone, with 763 feet on each side, and covers 13.5 acres---almost 44 stories high. The outer façade is polished stone and its interior has chambers, buttresses, and passageways. The architects and engineers who built the Great Pyramid and the others like it commanded advance architecture, mathematics, geometry, trigonometry, construction engineering, materials/structural engineering, city planning, and project management.  The Great Pyramid was laid out true to the axes within 2.5 to 5.5 minutes of an angle, the sides of the base come to within seven inches of forming a perfect square,10 and, in spite of its enormous 53,077 square meters, is almost perfectly level with a maximum error of only 21 millimeters. The pyramids were symbolic as well as literal exercises in state building

As Kmt consolidated from local chieftainships into regional kingdoms, into regional urban centers and states into the world's first national state, it developed the royal tomb as its symbol of political to build the pyramids. Tool marks on stone, quarries with blocks half detached, ancient tools found at work sites, and ancient paintings give one the indication that the Kmtians used intensive and careful use of the instruments and devices they had, such as sleds, barges, ramps, and ropes; unlimited manpower and the ability to organize and command it; and, no need for haste.. Perhaps, Ahmose I constructed the last one. By this time, about seventy pyramids dotted the Kmtian landscape. None were as grand and as well built at the Great Pyramid and, therefore, many have eroded away (De Camp 28-29).

• Quotes passage underlies African Kmt's role as a civilizing society
• Text summed up by author in two words. The first, (mnh)w) embraces both the practical, hands-on activity of the accomplished sculptor, and the intellectual, moral activity of a trained professional committed to the search for perfection, efficiency, virtue, in the work he does with his chisel
• Arts, technology, perfection, the virtues, excellence, and writing spread from African Kmt to Phoenicia
• [essentially, obenga establishes that writing began in African Kmt; the evidence he uses is a translation by a Phoenician)
• Objective facts:
• Cuneiform of Mesopotamia left no historical progeny
• A book-the Bible of Sanchoniathon-is KMTic and acknowledges that writing was invented in African Kmt
• Phoenician alphabet was the source of the greek alphabet
• Greek alphabet engendered writing systems used by several non-Hellenistic languages
• writing gives permanent form to speech; it opens the way to the universe of ideas across time and space
• it is the basic social and intellectual process subtending our entire modern civilization
• the history of writing is identified with the narrative of human intellectual progress
• Simplicity is the essence of African Kmt art
• During the new kingdom, Ancient Kmtian boundaries were expanded, grand constructions sprung up, including civil and religious edifices, palaces, temples, military depots and fortresses
• SBA means-to teach, learner, pupil, student
• The aim of learning was the acquisition of wisdom; it was based on courses of moral instruction, spelled out in maxims or instructions
• The basic transcendent moral law was MAAT, the concept of Justice-Truth
• In art the canon was tied to a well-organized legislative code whose aim, in the education of the young, was the achievement of virtue and perfection
• Pyramids are considered among the wonders of ancient architecture; Texts inscribed are incontrovertibly philosophical, discussing the genesis of the world, the origin of the universe and the radical issue of death
• Their construction consummate mathematical knowledge; understanding of cotangent was necessary
• Many traveled to African Kmt to study

Mapmaking-Navigation-Textile Chemistry

• The document in question is a map, popularly called the "Gold Mines Papyrus"-it is the oldest topographical, geological and geographical map in the world
• Shows a an actual map of gold mines and quarries
• The copper mines were worked early
• Ore-bearing strata as far as southern Darfur; Gold-bearing lodes poke through the crystalline bedrock
• Hard or semi-precious stones-e.g., granite, carnelian, crystal, quartz, and agate-litter the old beds of the Nile
• Amethyst, jasper and obsidian came from Sudan and lapis lazuli came from (modern) Afghanistan; From the far east came turquoise, malachite and emerald
• Stones needed for particular projects, such as yellow slate, white limestone, grey and pink limestone, red quartzite and calcite (alabaster), came from various parts of the region
• Additional stones quarried locally included diorite, marble, basalt, serpentine, dioritic gneiss and fine greenish greywacke
• The map indicates roads, mountains, housing (including houses belonging to laborers), a well; It uses natural colors to distinguish geological zones
• Inventors of topographic maps and cartographic methods of shading (topography is the technique of representing the earth on a flat service, with its natural features and artificial structures indicated
• There were various maps used for various reasons; describing a route, finding one's way in the bush, getting to know the natural environment in general, including waterways, forest and savanna grassland, hills, etc.

Kmtian Geography: the Nile Valley

• Numerous KMTic cities sprung up, the names of which are indicated in this chapter
• Kmt-Nubian Nile Valley and the Middle East
• It is up to African researchers in all areas, working together, to conduct a scrupulously accurate study of the history of our own continent, in the effort to strengthen the equitable dialogue of nations and civilizations in these times
• Compromises lead to platitudinous formulations and mediocre views
• the history of Africa is a vital component in the general history of humanity; to approach the study of Africa in a serious spirit far above the petty anecdotal accounts of ethnic divisions'

What Must Be Done Now

• 1. With sword, spear, shield and bow invaders ripped apart ancient African Kmt Civilization and with it the most advanced civilization of antiquity. Africans were forced into a 2700 year age of general regression from the heights that had been reached.
• 2. At its highest point, its territory stretched for more than 4144 miles along the Nile River from the heart of Central Africa to the delta region of North Africa. Before the waves of predatory invasions, the Black race and civilizations flourished in the Nile Valley. African Kmt civilization was intersected by an intricate federation of 42 centralized African states. This was the first national federation, the first federal government, the first nation in world history, the first centrally planned economy, the first monarch---all build exclusively by the indigenous Black population.
• 3. Science, government, architecture, education, writing, medicine, military science, sport and recreation, martial arts and wrestling, socialized health care, mass transportation via the Nile River, morality and ethics, music and arts, civil engineering, manufacturing, mining, construction, agriculture, advanced marriage and family rituals and roles, religion, philosophy, cosmology---everything essential to civilization was in place 2300 years before nomadic whites in Northern Europe left their perma-frost caves.
• 4. Networks or waterways, bridges, and tunnels ran through extraordinary valleys and mountains: its cities, schools, towns, forts , temples, pyramids, its palaces, its monuments were architectural marvels on sand, carved out of the sides of mountains, and surrounded by lush agricultural valleys. From the very beginning, African rulers of African Kmt ruled with an iron fist. From top to bottom, rules were strict, precise, just, and enforced if broken. From the top to the bottom of this tight, decimal-tired matrilineal, pyramidal system of government which was the most advanced achievements in practiced any where in the world from 3300 BC to 656bc Africans nourished African Kmt Civilization---that great African civilization of antiquity. Agricultural tribute and public labor was demanded, food, clothing and shelter was provided from a centralized staff.
• 5. The necessities of life were redistricted and stored for times of need among Africans. And was collectively owned in such a way as to ensure that food, clothing, shelter, natural resources, especially water, were shared and used communally. Communal property ownership was reinforced by the tradition of communal labor, seasonal public work projects organized around the cycles of the Nile River. African men and women loved each other, married early and stayed together, while raising large close-knit extended families. Law was based on Maat Principles, organized around the 42 Confessions of Innocence. Right and wrong were made clear. And punishment, if some one knowingly violated the norms of the society was just, swift, and severe. Taxes were linked to age grades, work capacity and healthiness. There was a natural order, an order based on the unity and struggle of opposites, the war of goodness over evil, the equilibrium of truth, justice, and righteousness prevailing over evil. Then came the invaders to tear up 8000 years of African nation-building.
• 6. The destruction of Ancient African (African Kmt) was the most significant blow the development of future African societies. As a result of the invasions the whole of African was plunged into an emotive 2700 year "Dark Age". Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, Arab---all kinds of white invaders destroyed the pregnant African civilization and derived the infant and its 4236 year old parent. The savage looting, burning, pillage, theft, enslavement parasailing served to artificially "Civilize" whites and arabs with science and technology, but it decivilized Africa, sending the first to last and the last to first, from culmination to barbarism.
• 7. African's brain was deserted from its skull in African Kmt (African Kmt). The heart of black civilization the rational kernel, the light of treatment world, the African mind was digested by white and Arabs vultures. 4236 years of summarized practices (philosophy, theory, methods, principles) stored in the brain center of the African continent--- its supreme continental ancient archives was captured dissected cut our translated into Greek , roman and Arab transported to Alexandria, and then devoured and digested by Greece. The Plath was later passed to Rome and later throughout ester and Western Europe.
• 8. Whites and Arabs used Africans to fuel their agrarian revolutions and nourish and acerbated the birth and growth of their feudal societies.
• 9. Whites and Arabs used Africans to fuel their industrial revolutions and nourish and acceleration the birth and growth of their capitalist societies.
• 10. The rape, murder, pillage, theft, pilgrims, enslavement, mutilation, forced migration, which lead to general regression--a 2700 year dark age. This process disassembled the empire, the civilization, and decimated the African population. Must importantly it interrupted, and intimately stopped the development of African civilization. The whites isolated our key workers, nobles, intelligence, wealth, women, science, philosophy theory, and monuments. They then store what nourished the birth and growth of their societies, then destroyed and decimated those and advanced elements of our civilization when the blood had been transferred.
• 11. The sheer nerve of whites and Arabs effectively turned the tables on Africans. Cur aged was over come by cowardice. Self preservation. By fear of mutilation. Spinelessness set in.
• 12. When African Kmt was destroyed Africa was left like a body without a head, heart, or hands. The dye was caste, they won, and we lost. Clearly if African Kmt's intellectual and moral system had been applied to build the proper military system, African civilization would today be leading the world in the arts and the sciences. For historical and cultural reasons it was not. Material force must be met with superior material force as to ensure self-preservation. African Kmt was sorely deficient in this area.
• 13. The cycle of our birth death- rebirth has taken 2700 years to unfold in history. Their age of our destruction can now be ended, and our civilizations can live again, the eggs of Africa's renaissance have been intellectually fertilized in Africa and the Diaspora. The objective of this epoch is to study, teach, create schools, co-ops, survival institutions, build African people's civilization teams, build doctrine, build organization, build movement, build hearts and minds, mobilize the African mass in the process of reintegration, interpenetration of African opposites with in the same unity, solidification- dispersion- reunification-consolidation in the womb of mother Africa with protection, nutrition and purpose.

Get to the task of Rebirth.  There is work to be done.