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Lessons: Economic Recession, then Depression; What Next?  Historical Context Any of our investigations of society begin with conclusions
drawn from assessment of social phenomena observed for centuries. We see societies as living organisms with periods
of birth, death, and rebirth. Planets live and die just like humans; they just have a longer life span of a few billion
years. So it is with societies. If we were
to slice into history, economic crises in the United States were separated from one another by a period of ten to thirteen
years, between 1825-1857. After the civil war and reconstruction, moving into the second half of the nineteenth century,
the period separating one crisis from the next was seven to ten years. World War I artificially stimulated the world economy
by creating a huge military market of death and destruction that postponed the beginning of the next crisis until 1920, after
which the well-known crisis of 1929 occurred and lasted until 1933. Millions were killed on the job of killing
millions of others. White nations were destroyed and had to be repaired, with low cost, long term loans---but always
at a profit. Destroy to rebuild was the capitalist imperialist way of making profits during global economic down turns.
Start a world war, destroy the surplus commodities and industrial infrastructure, create artificial scarcity on a global level,
fashion new markets complete with worker/consumer with wage/capitalist seller, profit, expand domestic markets to international
markets---this is the past capitalist strategy of getting out of a great depression. It will be tried today, but
will not work. |
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In sum, economic
crises recur regularly at certain intervals of time based on what is called the capitalist business cycle of boom and bust.
Like contractions in a woman 8-9 months pregnant with child, these intervals become shorter and shorter as the social productivity
of labor (enhanced with advanced technology) increases, because social needs, which are limited by the buying capacity of
the population, are satisfied in shorter and shorter periods of time. Today, robots cannot but back what they produce.
Workers without jobs have no wages; no wages, no income. Without there is no money to purchase what robots produce. No
money spent, no profit. In the past, as
the result of the accelerated war production and the maturation of large scale semi-automated machine production, the period
between crises was shortened from seven to nine years to five to seven years. The crisis of 1933 was followed by the crisis
of 1937. If we take into consideration the fact
that World War II postponed the coming of the next crisis, we will see the following pattern of crises: 1948, 1953, 1957,
1960, 1965, 1972, etc. The capitalist will need (and are preparing for) a World War III in which trillions of dollars
of artificial scarcity/markets will be created from blowing up semi-industrialized areas of the world [nations labeled terrorist,
or threats to white people's security] and making up some type of Marshall plan so that they can put white people back
to work rebuilding these areas at a profit. But this time this degenerate capitalist military industrial economics will
not work because robots have replaced humans in the global production process. Even the bombs are manufactured with
less and less human labor so even modern war productions will not put masses of unemployed workers back to work. The high productivity of labor resulting from
technical progress, which is a consequence of free enterprise, i.e., competition among private capital, overproduction has
already exceeded the buying capacity of the population in the United States economic system. Therefore it is no longer
able to come out of the crisis situation. End of an Era Surely
one can concede that just as feudalism all but passed from the face of the earth in the 19th and early 20th
centuries, capitalism and socialism, and the culture/ideology that they supported have run their course also. The economic
crises are in embryo today, but they are maturing rapidly and will degenerate into collapse mode in the coming few years.
Within the next decade, capitalist and socialist
forms of society will degenerate, decay, die, decompose, pass away, and in a bloody/antagonistic processhave their rational
kernels preserved in the next higher form of society. Today, capitalist and socialist production and finance are necessarily
global in scope, increasingly integrated between their productive/distributive/exchange and financial elements and between
their national and international elements. National corporations, locally based companies as well as multinationals
and national economies are still symbolically homebased in every country, but they are essentially global meta-corporations
integrated into an interlocking world economy. They rule the world moving upwards of $23 trillion in capital around
the globe daily. The U.S. economy is the
foundation for domestic corporations, but in this period they profit most from international markets. The capitalist
circuit includes not just the distribution of commodities, but also their production, exchange, consumption, and reproduction.
The productivity of robotics/computer automated machine production is far too productive for domestic home markets.
Capitalist therefore have to militarily/martially/diplomatically/economically
force open markets in other countries to sell their commodities. Yet production without wages destroys the ability to sell,
exacerbating the competition for those markets. Money expresses value; value accumulated is profit; profit accumulated is
wealth; wealth accumulated leads to poverty accumulated because there is a finite amount of wealth circulating in the world
economy and if one group has most of it, the other groups have the least of it. Whites have most of it because
they have systematically made sure that Blacks have the least of it. Living paycheck to paycheck and in fear of losing
their jobs and homes and of being forced onto the street, families fall apart daily. Black families are at the epicenter
of this collapse. Today, 7 out of 10 households are head by woman in Black families. Most of those families are
in poverty. Most of the children are in the poorest schools. Most of those schools are the least funded and most
antiquated. Instead of turning against the ruling class/race, disorganized desperation forces Blacks to further increase
their pressure on local government and the corporations to satisfy their immediate needs. But the local government is
bankrupt (politically, morally, and financially) and the corporations have been closing down and leaving, so these tactics
are severely limited, and the situation is ripe for an alternative. The alternative is not mere picketing, protesting,
posturing are voting. These are only solutions to those who are not already out in the street, homeless, hungry, jobless.
You cannot march when you do not have a home to go to after the march is over. You cannot debate when your babies are
hungry and you do not know how you are going to keep the heat, gas, water and lights on. You cannot vote when you do
not have gas/transportation to get back and forth the voting polls. The outline of the resulting economic, social, and political crisis is clear to
all: the growing and irreversible polarization of wealth and poverty brought about by labor replacing technology, the inevitable
motion toward an economic crisis, massive unemployment, hunger, denial of health care, cuts in educational opportunities,
homelessness driven by evictions and foreclosures, repossessions, gutted social programs, cuts in social services, increased
police brutality. Next, the Nazi movements will accept power being handed to them from the capitalist ruling class as
the society begins to openly disintegrate. These
further developments toward a global economy point us toward understanding the various policy debates among the rulers. Taken
together, these debates add up to a struggle over how the race, class, cultures is going to rule. The bedrock of agreement
among the rulers does not at all minimize the battle over the differences that exist on how they are going to resolve the
problems they face. The geopolitical debates among the rulers are over how to most effectively guarantee that whites
dominate the process of globalization, but use the Asians and Arabs to maintain their oppression of Africans and others. They
are united in the necessity for western civilization to enforce its rule around the world, and to geopolitically position
itself to accomplish that. These whites and their spokespersons have no differences over the necessity to protect the system,
or their place as rulers and chief beneficiaries of that system. Similarly, they are completely united on the necessity to
prevent the growing global class of impoverished people of color---blacks, browns, reds and yellows---from disrupting their
plans. There is no intention to provide for workers that are no longer needed. Minerals, raw materials, fossil
fuels, land resource is what robots driven by computer automared technologies need. The white rulers want to wipe Blacks
they see as useless to their equation of profitsas in Congo, Darfur, and even the tribal scrapping in Kenya. Look at
Haiti and Darfur; then understand what whites (even their most liberal) see in the future for Blacks---unbridled suffering
and death. At the heart of the economic crisis in the United States is
how quickly homeowners and renters are being evicted. Foreclosures do not occur because of bad loans; bad loans become
bad because a person who had a job or income does not have that job or income anymore so they cannot pay their hose note.
Subprime loans make up only a fraction of the loan defaults. In fact, the most recent wave of foreclosures come from
people making over $75,000 per year. They were laid off, fired, had their wages or salary cut, were forced to take concessions,
were forced to retire, were forced to pay health care, etc. Everything that surrounds us in our daily life---food, clothing houses, cars, trains, shoes, hats, dvds, tvs, ovens,
ipods, computers, trucks, hospitals, medicines, hotels, beds, laptops, buildings, books, watches, printers---everything is
created by human labor, molding and fashioning raw materials through a mass production process, organized with scientific
knowhow and existing capital necessary for commodity production, distribution, exchange consumption, and reproduction.
Color/race is useless in this formula in an of itself. It only comes into view when you focus in on who owns the process
and how is what gets produced distributed, how much, what quality, and who benefits. Then race, culture and
gender take center stage. Although these categories fundamentally do not determine the revolutionary process of a society,
they do determine the revolutionary process of who runs the society---who is in charge, who is benefiting first and foremost,
in whose interest and image the society is created and projected. This is significant. Part of this wealth is appropriated, taken, set aside, directed, channeled without
indemnity by the ruling race, class, culture, gender and sometimes ethnicity when ethnic groups are involved. 1. Millions of Black people are having their lives exploded, with the splinters
scattered everywhere---foreclosures, homelessness, broken families, domestic violence, hunger, employed workers without benefits,
part time workers working three jobs, laid-off workers with no jobs, school closings, undocumented/illegal workers with no
rights, young people with no options besides hustling, slanging, prison or the army/navy/marines. 2. Wars will be fought under the guise of tribalism, democracy, ethnic cleansing, stopping nonwhites from getting
nuclear weapons, taking farmland to give to white people, etc. 3. But at the
center of all of this is the need for markets to be opened into the world for whites to sell their commodities and seize raw
materials energy fuels, and precious minerals at a profit. 4. All else
is secondary, no matter how much propaganda is spread by the mainstream media. On the other hand, the more economically backward
sector is being worked to death at starvation wages trying to compete. The rapid rise of ethnic fights in Africa, in
Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Sudan, Somalia, etc., all reflect the attempts of the capitalist ruling classes along with feudal/chiefdom
tribal remnants of the weaker nations to secure a market for their agricultural and industrial production. Even voting is becoming politicised because whichever tribal representative is voted
into power, he marginalizes the other tribes who are facing starvation anyway---as the whites and Arabs live in luxury.
Consequently, we are seeing the beginning of the debauching of the world's currencies and the markets. They profit from
our debt, confiscate public assets, and transfer funds from the public good to the private incomes. State service are
being cut out, city services are being ended, garbage pick up, water is being cut off, gas and electricity is being cut off---with
no water or fire departments, education and healthcare being slashed. 1. With each new wave of cuts, layoffs, plant closings, pension cutting, and health care slashing in industry after
industry, conditions began to contract like a mother in labor---leading to an accelerated round of cuts, bankruptcies, lay-offs,
etc. 2. Corporations close factories and invalidate union contracts. Social and
physical infrastructures of entire cities crumble. Pension and medical benefits vanish. 3. The problem will then spread to other industries in an area with a concentration of unskilled, semi-skilled, and
skilled black and white workers. 4. Yet they are becoming increasingly unavailable
even as they become increasingly cheaper to produce. 5. People do not have the
money to buy them. Then the collapse of the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption processes of the economic
system; next social collapse, then political polarization, war and victory for one side over the other. 6. This is historically inevitable after a period of Nazi attempts at final solutions/mass extermination. 7. This is an historical process by which a subordinate class will overthrow its ruling class
after a period of intense social disintegration/decay/regression and nazi final solutions, this new class will then establish
itself as a new ruling class and create new political, economic, and social systems reflective of the laborless roboticized
computer automated machine production and reorganize the civilization based on human need as opposed to profits or blood rights.
8. This is an organic, historical, evolving, living process. It has a beginning,
a stage of development, maturation, and stages of decline, decay, disintegration, death, decomposition, and rebirth in a higher
society. The first stage is a technological revolution in the way production
and distribution is mass created in the society. Then the economic revolution, which directly force changes in society,
a social revolution which leads to social disintegration in housing, education, health care, transportation, recreation, food,
clothing, manufacturing, mining, agriculture, construction, etc. People generally recognize revolution as such only when it reaches the stage of class,
race, gender, cultural struggle or political revolution. What happens in the world today and what is understood are two different
things.
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Development is struggle; struggle from opposites in unity that polarization; polarization is a sharp division of
the population into opposing factions. Factions divide along race, class, sex, generation, cultural, and psychological lines
during economic crisis. The economy moves from crisis to collapses, political parties take sides, social conditions worsen,
factions turn against one another, a process of destruction of the old order takes place, a new order embryonically emerges
after a period of intense destruction and regression. Wars are political struggles raised to the level of military struggles;
political struggles raised to the level of wars are politics carried out using military means. Those armed have a chance,
those unarmed do not. The ruling class and its enforcers will be armed to the teeth, but they will attempt to keep the ruled
classes unarmed, docile, mystical, praying to absentee gods that never show up, and ignorant of the emerging crisis.
The capitalist mass media will not give an accurate picture of the conditions. As bad as conditions become, without construction and destruction there is no polarization,
no polarization no struggle, no struggle no transformation, nothing being reborn nothing dying, nothing old and dying nothing
new and being born. Once sides are taken, there is a rupture, a break, a sorting, as a freeing, which makes transformation
possible. Political polarization expresses economic polarization which causes social crisis which leads to societal disintegration.
The serious among us bid their time, educate themselves and those close to them, organize survival institutions, and cooperatives and
participate in the reform struggle in class, race, sex, generation, cultures, psychology in such a way as to prepare for the
inevitable fundamental changes that will take the form of regression or progression---counter-revolution or revolution. Careful
study shows: Political revolution comes when people recognize the old society is doomed and yet have to go on
living. The ruling class will attempt to maintain it, using Nazis, fascism, genocide, mass extermination, pogroms, war, ethnic
cleansing, etc. It is headed to a clash that it fully understands. The race and culture struggles will take on a political form first with scapegoats who are nonwhite being
identified and stigmatized; Black people are the primary candidates in the United States as a result of the doormat history
of nonviolence and slavery the Black mass has accepted. The class war is up the road in which the civil bloodshed
will be over what kind of society is going to take its place. Then comes a war, a political war or a military war, or sometimes
both, to see how and who is going to construct the new society. That's the political aspect of social revolution. We haven't
gotten that far yet, but we are slowly heading in that direction. The
social destruction has advanced to the stage where sides are being taken, camps are forming, populations are siding with political
stances reflective of counter revolution or revolution. Populations are already beginning to gather forces that will
fight it out in the political revolution. It is predictable. The
capitalist ruling class competing feverishly for profits globally cannot stop the technological revolution, thus
they can only tinker with the economic revolution which is a reflection of the technological maturation and lack thereof globally.
The only thing that they can do is accelerate it in their competition against each other. They must computer automate and
roboticise production. But in competition, the more they accelerate it, the more they create the conditions for their own
destruction. As a matter of fact, the more they accelerate it the more they put millions out of work who in the past had been
their market. On one hand, mass unemployed is growing every year,
with millions being relegated to not having any hope of finding jobs to secure the average standard of living, and on the
other hand, the quantity, of produced commodities for mass consumption increases several times due to the high productivity
of robotized factories. Corporations, competing with robotics now can produce goods such as cars, computers, ipods, cds, dvds,
tvs, harddrives, farm equipment, airplanes, tables, chairs, printers, etc., for mass consumption on an increasing scale and
at the same time eliminate the consumer market as they lay off workers. In
the process corporations cannot realize their profit goals, for the sake of which they robotized their production and reduced
human labor in the first place. The result: an economic crisis that cannot be solved if policy makers try to use the methods
of the old economic policy, the essence of which is to stimulate the private sector by reducing taxes on capital, by reducing
the interest on money borrowed from the Federal Reserve, giving tax breaks to business, giving small $500-$1000 tax rebates
to people who would spend the money quickly---in short, by creating favorable economic conditions for capitalist businesses
to operate. This economic policy will fail, because the main
reason for the crisis is absence of a solvent market in the face of high unemployment, consisting of workers who never will
be engaged in production, and never will restore the market for goods of mass consumption. The old means of treating an economic
crisis by stimulation of business, which in turn enhances market solvency by attracting more and more unemployed people into
production, will no longer produce their results, because computer automated machine production has forever eliminated increasing
millions of workers from production. The capitalist will take the loan money and invest in the cheapest labor
on the global market, and roboticisedhumanless factories domestically. The existence of the global market only postpones the economic crisis in a given country, because capital
increases export of its goods abroad for realization of profits when the solvency of the domestic market diminishes. This
process will proceed until the robotization of production in underdeveloped countries, especially Africa, South America, and
South east Asia reaches the same level as it has in developed capitalist countries. International competition will force them
sooner or than later to implement robotization. Today, cheap
labor can no longer compete with unmanned factories producing the same product, so underdeveloped countries are now compelled
to implement robotized production, and are now feeling worst consequences than developed countries experience. Under these
conditions the global market will exhaust itself as the valve that eliminated economic pressure on the domestic market. In its social aspect, unemployment resulting from the robotization of production
means a violation of the balance between the interests of rich and poor, the preservation of which is the major function of
any class-based state. Under these conditions it is most likely that the patience of working people left without work will
be exhausted and they will begin to demand jobs and fair distribution of wealth. Unemployment de-legitimizes governments;
jobs equal food, clothing, shelter, education, health care, transportation, recreation, and even holding families together.
Lose a job permanently in a capitalist society you lose your ability to live life. This situation never has existed in a capitalistic
society. It means attempts at extermination/nazi final solutions or preparations to leave. The more advances are made in the technology of robots, the more intensively they will work; they
will complete more and more operations in a time unit. Thus the speed of the production line will grow steadily, because it
will no longer be limited by the physical capacities of human beings. When the whole productive capital of the society is
robotized, the social productivity of labor will be increased several times in a very short period. From an economic point
of view, this means that the price of a commodity will decrease in the same proportion in which labor productivity grows.
Prices of consumer goods will reach a level at which production
will be less expensive than repair, like computers, laptops, tvs, printers, dvd players and even some cars. Therefore, all
repair and parts shops for automobiles, electrical appliances, shoes, etc. will go out of business. The increase in labor
productivity will result not only in a decrease in the price of cars, but at the same time in an increase in the quantity
of cars produced. The struggle among these companies for a larger share of the market will lead to a further reduction of
the price of cars and, as a result, to a merger or bankruptcy of the competitors. So the ruling class is faced with this dilemma: they cannot stop downsizing; they have to up production and
cut labor costs in order to complete; in the process they are decreasing their market by tens of millions each year; as a
result they are turning millions against them, some who will become potential revolutionaries. So they move to turn power
over to their Nazis for an attempt at final solutions. Society is built around the way people (working with tools, machines, semi-automated
machines, automated machines, or later computer automated machines) produce and distribute the means of life, especially distribute
them. If the countries had fairly well developed, although very small
capitalist classes, an industrial capitalist class was developing very rapidly and was very rich, especially on the basis
of war. The battle between the feudal ruling class and the new rising classes, the backward nation and the more advanced nations,
the monarchy imperialist expansionism and resistance all led to uprisings/destruction of the agrarian political economy
which all shaped the unfolding of feudalism either becoming capitalism or socialism at the turn of the 20th century.
Both
were struggling to find out which one of them was going to take power and build those nations (China, Russia) in their
particular interest, around industrial production and each class understood this fact. No matter what kind of political
nation would be built, it was going to be an industrial nation as opposed to an agricultural nation. It was going to be capitalist
industrial nation or working class/middle class intelligentsia industrial nation; capitalist industrial nation or socialist
industrial nation, but it was going to be industrial. Study the transition from feudalism to capitalism or socialism
(1730's-1950's). The lessons are instructive given the transition from the Industrial Revolution to the Scientific
and Technological Revolution. The complexity, scope, intensity and global sweep is multiplied but the fundamentals
are similar. In the past transition from agricultural
revolution to industrial revolution, feudal ruling classes attempted to maintain the old feudal society, king rule, landlord
control of land and labor, and autocracy. It was decadent/doomed, the technology had outgrown it, and the bloodshed was
over what kind of society was going to take its place. Then comes a war, a political war or a military war, or sometimes both,
to see how and who is going to construct the new society. That is the political aspect of social revolution: the class, race,
sex/gender and cultural aspect. So what we have as social systems today are essentially capitalism, and socialism.
Both are on their collective global death beds. A new higher conception of revolution must be thought out to reflect
the new level of social organization necessary to reflect the scientific and technological revolution. That conception
will not be called capitalism, socialism, or communism. Politics, morality, and values reflect economic conditions. Economic expansion is the basis for political liberalism,
social integration, cultural assimilation and racial tolerance. Today, the once white liberals are now conservatives and even supporters of the rights of white nazis. The
masses of whites now blame African Americans for their declining standards of living. In America, there is no communist
revolutionary movement, only calls for Jeffersonian democracy, which at best was a practice of slavery and land-theft.
Liberals, moderates and conservatives, today, see affirmative action, quotas, set asides, reverse discrimination, welfare,
"Black crime", "Black drug abuse", "Black teenage pregnancy", loose morals, low values, laziness,
etc., for the decline of American. Since the 1980's, the entire white American society has begun to be organized
around the: (1) identification, (2) isolation, (3) stigmatization, (4) concentration, (5) imprisonment, and (6) slaughter
of African American workers who are defined as surplus humans---social parasites---that are unfit to live. The building
of prisons has become this white American society's primary construction growth industry as was the case in Nazi Germany. This scramble, for wealth that is so rampant is going to continue. We can look forward to what that means.
It means that little by little, the poor and propertyless are going to recognize themselves as poor and propertyless.
The capitalists are calculating that, in the final analysis, if they can't handle this then they have to. let
the police, the Nazis and their terrorism that is daily being incubated, and the ultra white nationalism they always can call
upon to allow them to buy time. Next will come martial law and the military forces that will be turned turned loose
on civilians---mainly the rebelling whites---the Blacks will have had their moment during the nazi final solution/genocide
phase. If successful, a new life elsehere; if not extermination covered by yet another Aryan Model of justification. In time however, the physics of the matter has the best of Blacks scattered around the world by historical
circumstances, again, fused into Africa, building/modernizing Africa for Africans at home and abroad. We have come a long way from no where; left for dead, the roads to get here were paved with much pain and suffering.
Those who have historically harmed us see nothing of worth in us, just instruments to use and abuse. They are
used to it being easy to defeat us, to whip us around, to drag us into whatever form of slavery they create. Let
them be the degenerates that they have shown themselves to be. Important Economic Indicators as of Oct 1, 2008: While the wealthy have received welfare benefits since the 1930s, this group now is the beneficiary of a modern
form of capitalist socialism for the wealthy using working class tax money to fund their bailouts. Hardworking money from
taxpayers is being used to keep corporations open and profiting. Inflation CPI
increased by 65% since January 2008, with oil prices rising to $148.00 per barrel then fell to $108 after rising $25.00 in
one day. Forcing up air travel prices, gasoline prices, heat fuel prices, etc. Gas is now $5.20 in some metro areas
in the South. Black Inner City Unemployment White unemployment is 6.3; Black unemployment is 18.9 % as of October 2008;
Black inner city unemployment approaches 31.4% in the ten 1,000,000+ populated cities with the largest African American populations. Real GDP Negative
rate, decrease for the third quarter of 2008 Federal
Reserve The Federal Reserve bailed out Bear Stearn at
$30bn with a front fire sale from JP Morgan at $2 per share on a company that had traded last year at $178.00 per share; then
opened discount loan window for capitalist banks in trouble at $260bn taxpayer monies. They bought Fannie Mae/Freddie
Mac for over $200 billion; AIG for over $85 billion; they gave $25 billion to the Auto Industry; they are giving over $700
billion to bail out the rich capitalists on Wall street---$1.3 trillion (1,300,000,000,000) of worker's tax money to the
rich. They passed a $160 billion Iraq war spending bill and a $267 billion bill to give handouts to capitalist large
farmers. Economic Indicator Statistical
Value Last Updated Real GDP 11523.6 billion
(-3.2% annual rate) Quarter 3, 2008 09/29/2008 Nominal GDP 14084.1 billion
(1.2% annual rate) Quarter 1, 2008 09/29/2008 Black Inner city Unemployment Rate 31.4%
for 9/30/2008 09/29/2008 Total National Debt 25.1 trillion (deficit)
period ending June, 2008) 09/29/2008 Federal Budget $458.56
billion (deficit) for FY 2007 + first five months of 2008. Add the $700 billion bail out of Wall Street, the
$85 billion to AIG, the $250 Billion to bail of Fannie Mae/Freddie Mac, the $25 billion to the Auto Industry. Another
$271 billion to bail out the capitalist farmers; the $260 the Federal Reserve has set aside and the $30 billion they used
to save Bear Stearns and the total could rise to over $1.893 trillion in deficit. 09/30/2008 Public Debt $12,276.0 billion (12 trillion deficit). The US does not even include
the war in Iraq or Afghanistan in its budget. 09/30/2008 Federal Funds Rate 2.31%
for 05/16/2008 09/29/2008 30 Year Treasury Bond 4.21% for 05/09/2008
09/28/2008 Percent
Black Foreclosures 31% of total---though only 13.2%
of national population 09/27/2008 Percent Black car Repossessions 35%
of total 09/27/2008 Balance of Trade -72314.76 Millions
of dollars 8/31/2008 ($72 billion deficit) 09/28/2008 Canadian Dollar $1 US= $0.9241
Canadian 09/28/2008 Japanese Yen $1 US = 96.14 Yen 08/26/2008 Mexican
Peso $1 US = 13.234 Pesos 08/30/2008 EU Euro $1 US = 0.621 Euros 09/30/2008 |
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