TIMEFRAME	SIGNIFICANT HISTORICAL EVENTS	MEANING
15,000,000,000 to 21,000,000,000	Formation and maturation of this universe based on elementary particles, quarks and electorns, hydrogen and helium nuclei formation, first atoms, photons, light, quasars, stars, protogalaxies, early galactic formations.     All have a period of birth, a period of growth, a period of development, a period where it gains strength, reaches maturity, then grows old, runs its course, reaches its limits, declines, decays, dies out, and is reborn in another form of energy.  § This motion is constant and never ending, with one dimensional time, and three dimensional space constraints. § Universes, galaxies, solar systems, stars and planets all had to live and die so that earth might fit itself and make itself suitable for life. § Essentially, all that has existed has deserved to perish---by its very birth its death is assured. The materials of these solar organisms such as stars, gas, energy particles, cosmic debris, planets, asteroids, comets, nebulae, black holes, etc., are bonded together by gravitational forces which form solar systems and clusters of galaxies.  This gravitational soup is the webbing of the universe which is continually expanding, moving, changing.	Universe
13,000,000,000	Formation of galaxies.  Formation of galactic cluster which includes the galaxy that Earth later developed within. § 5 billion years ago § Proto-star and solar system form as nebulae § Development of solar regions, inner solar system, outer solar system § Proto-planets, including earth begin to establish consistent orbital relationships with sun § Protostar contracts, intensifies in heat, transforms into mature star which develops by producing energy from the conversion of hydrogen to helium (nuclear fusion). § Star and Earth planet begin orbital stabilization for a few billion years at a mean distance of 92,955,807 miles (149,597,870km), orbit of Sun in 36.25 days, and rotation on axis every 23hr 56mins.	Galaxy
9,000,000,000	Formation of the sun, solar system, protoplanets, system of gravitation. From the birth of the universe came the formation of our galaxy, what is called the Milky Way galaxy, which organized over 10 billion years ago.  Afterwards our solar system formed within this galaxy which is comprised of a sun, nine planets, moons, asteroids, and comets which are all held together by precisely balanced gravitational attraction and repulsion.   With the Virgo Super cluster which houses our galaxy moving at 2,000,000 km/hr, the Milky Way galaxy rotating at 900,000 km/hr, the earth moving at a rate of 66,000 miles per hour (108,000 km/hr) around the sun, and spinning on its axis at a rate of 1000 miles per hour (1,660 km/hr), it is evident that the entire galaxy is in motion.    § These complex bodies thus formed are the foundations for the stars and their satellites, the planets and their satellites, stellar systems and the meta-galaxies that encompass them, meta-galaxies make up universes, and so on into the outer reaches of space. § Our galaxy materialized in the context of the same quantum fluctuation mechanism which led to the revolutionary, then evolutionary formation and expansion of the universe as a whole	Solar System
4,600,000,000	Formation and maturation of earth, moon and planets. § Magnetic field formed at some time in this period. Cooling and formation of the Earth, Moon and other planets out of hot minerals, metals, chemical compounds, elements, and various gas particles. § Earth complete; still partially molten from radioactivity and heat. Iron sinks to form core. Extensive volcanic activity adds steam and carbon dioxide. § Magnetic fields begin to form and stabilize § Earth crust hardens 4.0 billion years ago § First permanent crust formed § Of the Earth's 92 naturally occurring elements, 8 account for over 98% of the weight of the Earth's crust. These combine into the "rock forming" minerals. § Three major layers begin to form ultimately resulting in: § Crust: thin skin of hard rock 7-42miles thick § Mantle: dense, semi-molten rock 1,800 miles thick § Core: densest, hottest layer, 4340 miles in diameter, made of iron and nickel. Outer core is molten; inner core is solid and rotates internally in an opposite direction than the earth. Earth, evolved based on its unique and suitable place in the solar system, and its mass formed within the same quantum fluctuation mechanism which produced the solar system, galaxy and universe as a whole.  § Its polar circumference is 24,859.73, while its equatorial circumference is 24,901.46 its polar diameter is 7899.99 miles. The tilt of earth's axis is approximately 66.5 degrees. § Earth revolutions and orbits equal 1,120 miles per minute, 67,000 miles per hour, 590 million miles a year around the sun. § Its mean distance to the sun is 93,020,000 miles which means that if the sun were the size of a honeydew melon, the earth at the same scale would be the size of a pinhead and lie about one foot away. The mean distance of the earth to the moon is 238,857 miles. The earth, which is 4.6 billion years old, once existed in such a state that no human life form could have existed on it.  § From a period intense heat, to solar organization of elementary particles of various chemical compounds, to the sinking inward of the densest particles to form a core, to the continued sorting of particles which led to the primeval planet Earth, to the formation of earth's major layers (crust, mantle, and core) there has been much growth and development. § Because the earth had to go through numerous epochs of inorganic development before it fitted itself to sustain organic life, the first one billion years were spent forming an atmosphere, water, oceans and preparing the process of photosynthesis. Land formed.  Earth Composition § The total area of the earth is 196,940,400 square miles. The mass of the earth is 6,585,000,000,000,000,000,000 tons. Its volume is 259,875,300,000 cubic miles clasped by intense belts of trapped radiation. § Its interior is hot, liquid rock, and iron. Its surface composition developed over time until today it is 70.92 percent water (about 139,628,046 square miles); 29.08 percent dry land (about 57,308,437 square miles). § Earth tillable soil is 6 percent, while its thickness of crust is between 6 to 40 miles, because continental crust is less dense but thicker than oceanic crust. § Earth has ten ecosystems, i.e., mountain, desert, rain forest, savanna, steppe, broadleaf forest, tundra, prairie; need leaf forest, and ice cap. § These ecological systems are scattered across 13 land masses. These regions continually change because of wind currents, changing weather patterns, migrations, etc. One-third of earth's land surface is dessert or semi-desert (not including the polar and subpolar "cold deserts"). The largest hot desert is the Sahara (3,500,000 square miles.) § The largest cold desert is Antartica (about 5,000,000 square miles). Earth has even continents in order of size: Asia (the largest at 16,988,000 square miles) Africa, North America, South America, Antartica, Europe and Australia. The largest island is the continent of Anustralia (2,967,909). Earth's longest river is the African Nile, (4,145 miles). There are four oceans, with the Pacific Ocean alone being larger in area than all the land in the world combined; 64, 186,300 square miles and 346,000,000,000,000,000,000 gallons.  Earth has 32 seas.	Earth, and Solar system matures
3,900,000,000	First permanent crust formed.  Primitive RNA life emerges.  Simple bacteria deed off organic molecules.  Rain of comets and meteorites lessen. Photosynthesis emerges as a life sustaining process between organisms on Earth and the Sun's rays.	Emergence of Organic Life
3,600,000,000	Oldest sedimentary rocks.  Evidence of DNA life on Earth § First stromatolites. § Atmosphere with some carbon dioxide. Atmosphere and seawater formed § The first small continents coalesced, first bacteria form, volcanoes erupt on volatile Earth surface. Oldest fossils left by one-celled micro organism.	First single cell life forms Stromatolites
3,500,000,000	Atmosphere and seawater formed
3,100,000,000	More developed algae and bacteria	Blue-Green Algae
3,000,000,000	Greenstone belts-strips of micro-continent
2,900,000,000	Massive stromatolites formed by photosynthesizing blue green algae
2,500,000,000	Build up free oxygen in atmosphere...  First big iron oxide deposits, as life makes oxygen via photosynthesis.  Formation of ancient cores of later major continents.  Earth dimensions begin to solidify § Inner core=746 mi. § Outer core 1367 mi. § Mantle 1800 mi. § Equatorial diameter 7926 § Polar diameter 7900 § Mass 6.6 sextillion tons § Distance from Sun Min 91 million miles § Surface area 196 million square miles § Land Surface 57 million square miles § Ocean cover 70.8% § Average Depth of Ocean 12,490ft. § Continental Crust 22 miles thick (average) § Oceanic crust 4 miles thick (average) § Period of revolution 23.9345 hrs. § Year length 365.256 days § Axial Inclination 23.44 degrees	Extensive mountain building
2,300,000,000	First large-scale glaciations
2,200,000,000	Stromatolites common.  Atmosphere contains free oxygen. For over 2 billion years, life on earth consisted of various forms of bacteria.  Self-replicating molecules emerged next.  § Free oxygen accumulated 2.3 billion years ago due to the emergence of photosynthesizing algae; complex cells with nuclei appeared 1.5 billion years ago. § Approximately, 1.4 billion years ago more complex types of eukaryotic cells, the building blocks of all living things, began to emerge and develop. § Pre-cellular forms gave rise to single cellular forms that lead to multi-cellular forms. These forms lead to complex nucleus that contained the genetic material and code for a higher level. § The origin of organic life on earth, therefore, cannot be treated as the appearance of the first organism; it can only be treated as the appearance of a number of organisms which arose together under different conditions.  In time, the protective ozone layer formed along with the chemical processes necessary to form the oceans and the atmosphere, including the exosphere, thermosphere, stratosphere, and troposphere. § Precellular activity, to cellar activity, to multicellular forms led to changes in invertebrates that gave way to developments of vertebrates which ultimately led to the development of primates. Inorganic life developed into organic life and then complex organic life, creating the conditions for hominid formations. § Step by step, increasingly, complex organic compounds were formed. And finally came life (biological level). Life was a law governed outcome of the development of all chemical and geological processes on the Earth's surface, in its oceans, and atmosphere.[1] Simple cells began to synthesize with others, thus giving birth to ever more complex cells with the beginning of a well-defined nucleus which held the cell's genetic material. § Amoebic-like in nature, bacteria, and jellyfish gave way to small shellfish, trilobites and seaweeds. § The two cells could come together and from their merger produce offspring carrying both of the original genetic codes. § At a certain stage in this process, sexual reproduction opened up opportunities for mutations to spread throughout the various populations.[2]	Protozoa
2,100,000,000	Rapid growth of continent by accretion of micro-continents § Possible formation of a super continent § Southern continents combine into Gondwanaland.
1,800,000,000	Diversification of species of prokaryote algae (Cellular forms with no nucleus).
1,400,000,000	Bacteria formed into colonies § First step towards multicellular organisms § Atmosphere rich in oxygen.
1,200,000,000	Development of eukaryote cells. These cells have nucleus containing DNA and the capacity for sexual reproduction.	Seaweeds
800,000,000	Evidence of sexual reproduction in eukaryote cells. Filament and tubular algae... Appearance of fungi.
700,000,000-    600,000,000	Major glaciations, affecting every continent.
600,000,000	Appearance of diverse species of soft-bodied, multicellular organisms (Ediacarn Fanua).           The earliest fossil record begins 600 million years ago with the emergence of primitive fish with vertebrate.  Their razor sharp teeth and predatory survival tactics were similar to modern sharks.  § Until 450 million years ago, life had not emerged either on dry land or the deep ocean beds. § By 400 million years ago, the Paleoxoic age, plants and animals began to proliferate for the first time on dry land. Included were insects, ferns, land plants, moss, amphibians, and reptiles. § Plant life spread rapidly from water to land in the process developing roots, stems, and leaves. § Insects followed plant life as earthly colonizers of land. § The phylum to which human beings belong, called chordata, made significant progress § 370 million years ago when fish, the most advanced chordates of that time emerged from the oceans and developed adaptations that made animal life existence on land possible.	Multicelled Animals
550,000,000	Laurentia and Baltica positioned in tropics Gondwanaland Stretches from 50*N to the south pole Volcanic episodes in the Caledonian region. Worldwide emergence of marine invertebrate groups with shells and skeletons. Trilobites, brachiopods, archeocyathids, echinoderms, mollusks all common	Anthropoids, Worms, Brachiopods Corals Mollusks, Jawless Fish
500,000,000	Baltica drifts closer to Laurentia separated by the first lapetus ocean.
480,000,000	First definite vertebrate-jawless fresh water fish Freshwater plants assumed to be present.	Fossil record is  clear
450,000,000	Taconic Orogeny in northeast Laurentia, caused by collision on offshore island are. Possible first land plants	Emergence of Land Plants
440,000,000	Abundance of Jaw-less-fish First fish with jaws-freshwater acanthodians Giant sea-scorpions (eurypterids) emerge.
425,000,000	Caledonian Ornian Orogeny begins, as Baltica and Laurentia drift near to the African part of Gondwanaland. They are separated by an early version of Gondwanaland. They are separated by early version of the Tethys Sea.	Jawed Fish Lung Fish
370,000,000 370,000,000 360,000,000 350,000,000 340,000,000 340,000,000 315,000,000 300,000,000 270,000,000 270,000,000 250,000,000 250,000,000 220,000,000 210-145 million years ago 180,000,000 150,000,000 145-65 million years ago 120,000,000 100,000,000 85,000,000 65,000,000 64,000,000 50,000,000 40,000,000 38,000,000 35,000,000 30,000,000 25,000,000 20,000,000 15,000,000 10-11 million years ago 5,000,000 3-4 million years ago 3,000,000 2,000,000 2-1.75 million years ago 1,000,000 700,000-600,000 600,000  500,000  450,000  400,000 280,000	The first amphibians develop from fish and reach the land. Emergence of sea ferns, while true ferns cover some lowland area in dense forest. § The first amphibians develop from fish and reach the land. § Emergence of sea ferns, while true ferns cover some lowland area in dense forest. § New disturbances along the Gondwanaland / Laurentia boundary, in the final phase of the Caledonian Orogeny. Siberia is the only major block not connected with the Laurentia/Baltica/Gondwanaland landmass. § Laurentia and Gondwanaland remain associated, though separated by ocean as sea levels rise. § Widespread limestone formation. § Development of huge lycopsid plants in swamp forests. Amphibians and reptiles diversify in humid tropical conditions, as do insects. Abundance of giant flying insects and cockroaches. § First true reptiles. Emergence of distinct floras associated with different climatic conditions. § Glossopteris flora dominates Gondwanaland § Renewed contact between Gondwanaland and Laurentia causes the start of the Appalachian Orogeny. Gondwanaland has continued to turn clockwise. Major glaciations begin to cover large parts of the southern continents in ice. The Hercynian Orogeny results from the collisions of northern Gondwanaland and northern Europe. § Development of huge lycopsid plants in swamp forests. Amphibians and reptiles diversity in humid tropical conditions, as do insects. Abundance of giant flying insects and cockroaches. § Angaraland (Siberia and Kazakhstan) begins to collide with Baltica, creating the Urals. Last part of super continent of Pangaea is in place. Pangaea stretches from 60*N to the South Pole. § As conditions became drier and hotter, reptiles thrive at the expense of amphibians. Development of warm-blooded reptiles (therapists) the precursors of the mammals. § Mass extinction of marine life. Groups made extinct include trilobites, rugose corals and crinoids. Other marine invertebrates severely affected. Fish are generally unaffected. § Pangea moves north to straddle the Equator. Many of the continents are now in warm, and climates, Asian mico-continents begin to move away from Australia and Gondwanaland. Ammonites survive the mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic and thrive in the Mesozoic, development of thecondont reptiles which become dominant § Dinosaurs develop from thecodont reptiles. First mammals emerge from warm blooded therapsid reptiles, Archeopteryx, the earliest known bird (or feathered dinosaur), develops § Dinosaurs become dominant, reaching their largest size § Development and diversification of flying reptiles (pterosaurs) and aquatic reptiles (plesiosaurs) Birds develop and spread widely. Continued diversification of insects. § Africa and South America begin to split from North America, opening up the Central Atlantic § Formation of the Rocky Mountains begins. § Continuing dominance of land by dinosaurs. Mammals remain small. Reptiles diversity turtles, snakes, lizards are abundant. Emergence of flowering plants (angiosperms). These dominate the land plant kingdom by the end of the Cretaceous. § Africa moves further south, opening a split with Europe, India splits from Africa and Antarctica and begins to move north. Australia splits from Antarctica as Gondwanaland starts to break up. § South America and Africa begin to split apart- the first time they have been separated since the Precambrian period. § The central Atlantic stabilizes and links to the still-opening South Atlantic. Changes in Atlantic and Pacific sea floor spreading push Central America and South America together. South America approaches North America, with a narrow ocean basin being squeezed between them. The Andean region becomes a subdution zone. § Mass extinction of marine and land life-forms. Principal casualties re the dinosaurs and ammonites. § Reptile groups (other than dinosaurs) survive the mass extinction. Mammals and birds also survive and flourish. Emergence of early horse, elephant and bear groups of mammals. Composite family of plants emerges. § Grasses emerge and diversify rapidly along with Leguminosae and compositae plants. § Uplift of the Rockies and formation of the west coast mountains completed. § Grazing animals and monkeys emerge. Mammal groups (whales, dolphins) return to the sea. Foraminifera grow and diversify. § The first apes emerge. Large mammals and birds spread over the Earth. Grasses cover large areas of land. § Japanese islands split from Asia, opening up the Japan Sea. § Northern North Atlantic opens between Greenland and northern Europe. Africa moves north to close the Tethys Sea and collide with Europe. The Alpine Orogeny continues for 15-20 million years. § India begins to collide with Asia in the Himalayan Orogeny. § By 30 million years ago, apes fossils dug up in Fayum, Egypt verify that more intelligent life forms were developing as the earth developed. Ramipithicenes and dryopithicenes came into being, lived, died, became extinct, and left their fossils as evidence to the movement toward primates which would ultimately result in hominids, or human-like beings. § By 13 million years ago, African proto-humans, similar to their ape cousins began to emerge in Africa at sites today called Olduvai Gorge in northern Tanzania, Ethiopia, Kenya, and even as far as South Africa, shaking themselves free of the animal kingdom as a consequence of ever more intelligent labor. Apes never stopped being knuckle walkers; human men and women moved out from the African savannas, left the forest and trees, learned to walk upright, learned to stand on two feet, and gradually adapted their pelvic region to an erect posture which freed their hands for using and making tools. In time, African primates became the starting point for the origin, formation, phenotypic differentiation, and resulting formation of societies for modern humans (social level).[3] Primates are the very threshold to modern human beings. § Outpourings of basalt lava's in southern Siberia (Baikal Rifts) Central Europe (Rhine Graben) East Africa and Antarctica Rifts begin in East Africa-first stages in the creation of a new ocean. § Separation of great apes and hominid apes. Radiation of hominid primates culminates in sivapithecus- an ape showing many characteristics of living apes and humans. § Emergence of Australopithecus, First hominids. Following (AA) is Homo Habilis (HH), Homo erectus (HE), Homo Sapiens Neanderthalenis (SN) and finally Homo Sapien Sapien. AA and HH never left Africa. He evolved with the ability to stand erect, thus making it possible for this stage to walk out of Africa. First Hominids, human ancestors first originated in central Africa, on the equator. Humanity was born and developed in Africa. It was this humanity that left Africa to populate the other continents of the world. § Antarctica isolated as South America moves away--the last pieces of Gondwanaland break apart. The Earth's climate cools dramatically. Nebraskan glaciations (North America) Dona glaciations (Europe) § Homo hails, emerges in East Africa § Homo erectus disperses from Africa as far as China and Java. § Aftonian interglacial period. § Karnsan glaciation (North America)Gunz glaciation (Europe) § Yarmonth interglacial period § Illinoian glaciation (North America) Mindel glaciation (Europe). Homo Erectus migrates from Africa into Asia. § Sangamonian interglacial period. Homo Erectus migrates from Africa into Europe. § Homo erectus, then later Homo sapiens Neanderthals, and Homo Sapiens Sapiens left Africa (most remained) by way of three routes that occurred during the fourth glaciation period of the Ice Age. The first route was across the isthmus of the Suez land bridge which is now the Suez Canal; the second route was via the horn of Ethiopia that meets South Yemen; and the final route was through the straits of Gibraltar. Two groupings that left Africa inhibited areas of Western Europe (Spain, Italy, France etc.) and traveled across Northern Asia into Siberia while the other group went into India and China then up to Siberia. The other groups split off in China and headed south to inhabit Indonesia and Australia. Those that went north crossed the Bering straits and traveled into North America then Central and South America. Homo sapiens sapiens took similar routes out of Africa, and in the process adapted to different climatic environments. § Consequently, as the hominids traveled into various parts of the world many of their external features changed within species due to the changes in the environment. § These changes also known as phenotypic changes were a direct result of climate and radiation and also differences in diet. For example, as these changes in the environment occurred, so too did changes in humans. Eventually the lightening of the skin and changes of hair texture was the result--- the hominids Cro-Magnon with white skin and Chance lade with yellow. § In addition to the jaw structure changed due to differences in diet and other facial features changed as the hominids went from humid regions to and ones thus developing either a wider nose or slimmer nose respectively. Internally, as hominids evolved they used more of their brain thus creating more expanded and better g abilities between species.	Reptiles Amphibians in Abundance Dinosaurs Mammals First  Birds Dinosaurs Become Extinct Primates Apes Emerge Transition  of Apes All stages of human life orginate in Africa AA HH HE HE, HSN, HSS HSN
250,000-150,000	Human life emerged in Africa 5.5 million years ago (based on the oldest hominid fossil finds at Lake Baringo, Kenya, over 5,000,000 years ago).  The separation of humans from lower animals, therefore, took place in Africa and no where else, revealing that modern humans are all one species originating from the same source.  § The complete series of fossil specimens which document the stages of development on present day human beings were found only in Africa. Born in the region of Kenya, around the area that comprises Ethiopia and Tanzania, dispersing along a north-south axis down to South Africa; these hominids went through a succession of evolutions and revolutions spanning 5.5 million years to become what is now called modern homo sapiens sapiens. § Initially, they were all Black. Initially, they were short, barely 3 feet tall. Initially they had small heads, small brains (550 cubic centimeters or less), and small mental capacities. All of this would change over time and in different circumstances. § This African humanity comprised five specimens: australopithecine (APC) (5,500,000); homo habilis (HH) (2,500,000); homo erectus (HE) (1,000,000); homo sapiens Neanderthals (HSN) (110,000) at Broken Hill; and homo sapiens sapiens (HSS) Omo I, Kanjera (150,000); Grimaldi (HSS) in Europe, (50,000); Cro-Magnon first appearance (35,000); Paleosiberian (20,000); Chanclade, (25,000-15,000).[4]	HSS
200,000-150,000	Neanderthals (primal humans) and Neanderthaloids are already occupying inhabitable areas of northern Africa, Europe and Asia.
120,000-90,000	Fossil finds of African homo sapiens sapiens, (Omo I, Kanjera in Central East Africa) place human culture at between 150,000 and 130,000 years ago, which are at least 90,000 years older than any homo sapiens sapiens found in Europe or Asia. The children of one or more Ancient African mothers migrate out of Africa proper, bearing modern human culture, settling in what is now West Asia and Europe.  Their families increase in number, and their descendants ultimately, over thousands of years, populate the entire inhabitable planet.
120,000-90,000	the Ancient Africans introduce innovative stone tool-making industries, producing a variety of fine worked spearheads, arrowheads, knives, chisels, awls and planes. The persistent advance of Homo Sapiens sapiens (modern humans) into new territories displaces Neanderthal, primal human, groups. Humans in Africa had invented sophisticated technologies longer before their European counterparts, who have long been credited with initiating modern culture.  Bone points were found in a site called Katenda in the Semilki Valley in eastern Zaire near the Uganda border.  The discovery of these tools shed new light on ancient Africans, showing that they were technologically 75,000 years ahead of Europeans and Asians	African who lived 90,000 years ago carved animal bones into barbed spear points for fishing. Africans were 75,000 years ahead of Europeans and Asians.
50,000-90,000	The Ancient Africans, the original Homo Sapiens sapiens, develop and speak a Proto-World African Language, the Mother tongue, the first and root language of the world's diverse linguistic branches. Small clans of hunting and gathering Ancient Africans are found in all the major regions of Africa.
80,000	As is obvious with all mammals and primates, in order to live humans must satisfy the fundamental subsistence needs, i.e., food, clothing, and shelter.  Consequently the first historical act is the appropriation of nature's ready-made.  This is of course the only point of departure.  Next humans evolve the capacity to produce, through there own labor, the means which allowed them to satisfy, on a higher and more abundant level, those needs.  This act is the production of material life itself.  It, as a result takes many forms, and goes through many stages of development.  § We are all aware that in the earliest stages of human development our ancestors hunted for survival. As humans developed hunting and gathering tools they developed themselves. As they produced better tools, and thus improved modes of extraction and modification of their environment they evolved intellectually and expanded the prospects for higher physical, mental and social activity. § With the evolution and revolution in their technological means, i.e., instruments of production, object of production and the productive abilities and knowledge of the producer societies developed as populations synchronized their production, distribution, exchange and consumption activities on larger and more complex scales. The germination of these necessary social activities ultimately resulted in the conscious and practical construction of institutions which would administer some aspect of the social digestion process of the social product throughout the populace. As the social prerequisites for population increases improved, the rate of natural increase improved. § Based on the accelerated developments of the life support systems which are predicated on the development of a particular mode of production its technological means and relations, elementary settlements could developed into villages, villages into towns, towns into cities, cities into states and states into nations, countries, and republics. In the process, social units such as hordes, bands, clans, tribes, and nations would evolve toward modern international unions. § Initially the primordial stages of social adaptation by homo sapiens sapiens were determined by six factors: (1) environmental conditions, (2) duration of settlements, (3) the particular mode of transportation; (4) subsistence motive force, i.e., the necessary appropriation of food, clothing, shelter, etc.; (5) a certain level of development in the technological means, and (6) the bio-demographic capacity to reproduce life at a faster rate than natural selection necessitated death. A fusion of these factors allowed for the unique cultural modifications and variations of the same mode of production but by different populations as they migrated to different land and water environments. § In sum, hunting and gathering on land and in water took on various cultural[5] expressions based on the level of development of the migrating populations, the environment that they left, the environment that they entered, and the ready-made raw materials that they were bequeathed. § Southern Africa-At a coastal location (present-day Howieson's Port, South Africa), a longstanding community of ancient Africans have a stone industry producing a whole range of tools including points and barbs for small spears, arrows, and harpoons. They hunt large and small game, gather shellfish, harpoon seals, and trap and shoot seagulls. § 70,000-10,000 years ago § Wisconsin glaciations (North America) Wurm glaciation § (Europe).
75,000	Over thousands of years on the vast African continent, African families are in the process of gradually developing changes in physical characteristics dictated by regional bio-environmental and climatic conditions.  A variety of African physical types will later develop, ranging in height, statue, and complexion and hair texture, ultimately distinguishing them from their original Ancient African parents.
50,000-10,000	African (Black) homo sapiens sapiens, called Grimaldians, left Africa moving into western Europe (Spain, France, Italy, etc.) 40,000 years ago.  Grimaldian and Aurignacian cultures which were C-14 dated were in existence from 32,000-35,000 years ago.   At this time humanity is represented only by Black homo sapien sapiens.  There are no whites or leucoderm.  There are no semites.  There are no Asians.  After settling in Europe, Grimaldians next traveled across Northern Asia into Siberia, while other sub-groups went into India and China, and Siberia, split off from China and headed south-east to inhabit Indonesia and Australia.  Those that went north-east crossed the Bering Straits (at the end of the Fourth Glaciation Period) and traveled into North America, then Central America, then South America, and the Caribbean Islands. § Human survival mandated necessary adaptations---a sort of biological "goodness of fit". In the process of biological adaptations to different geography, climates, vegetation, etc., phenotypic variations materialized in these humans resulting in present population differentiation.[6] § Black populations became brown, white, yellow, red, or any mixture of the five based on environmental adaptations, mutations, and various breeding trends. The morphological evidence of homo sapiens sapiens fossils before the fourth glacial epoch show them to be African Grimaldian, human Black populations. § It was not until the fourth glacitation that the differentiation of African Grimaldi (HSS) into variant phenotypes occurred, following an extended period of adaptation by fractional population units which were imprisoned by perma-frost and ice sheets.[7] § Black African humans, identical to modern human beings left Africa split off in different directions, with some inhabiting areas in Europe and traveling across northern Asia into Siberia while other groupings went into India and China and headed south to inhabit Indonesia and Australia. Those that went north crossed the Bering Straits and traveled into North America, then Central and South America moving from the West coast toward the east, ultimately ending up in the modern day Caribbean Islands, and eventually inhabiting the rest of the world. § By 25,000 years ago, the fossil record for Cro-Magnon begins in Southern France; these are the proto type of the leucoderm or white races. By 20,000 years ago prototypes of the yellow race or Chancelade man and woman become evident in Asia. Gloger's Law establishes that warm blooded animals existing in tropic-equatorial climates will secrete melanin as a block on dangerously intense ultra violent sun rays.[8]  The more intense the sun rays, the larger the concentration of melanin; the larger the concentration of melanin the darker the skin.  Melanin is the basis of black skin, hair, eyes, etc.[9]  One of the essential functions of human skin is to produce vitamin D, which is manufactured in the skin as it interacts with ultra violent rays from the sun.  In equatorial regions, animals with melanin in their skin have the necessary natural screens which allow the proper amount.[10]  If one lives on the equator, one is constantly showered with the most direct sun rays possible on earth.  Skin could not originally be white; nor would it be light brown unless there was a recent migration to the region.  People born on the equator were originally Black.  Mendelian science establishes dominate and recessive traits in plants and animals.  Dominant dark traits produce recessive light traits.  Expanded human features for expanded, hot, bright climatic conditions.  Contracted human features for contracted, cold, freezing, dark climatic conditions.[11] § The appearance of artistic expression: art is applied to rock walls, sculpted from stone, bone and clay. Items such as ostrich eggshell carrying containers are also decorated with engraved designs. 50,000 years ago § Modern humans reach the Middle East § 35,000 years ago § Modern humans reach Europe and in the process of adaptation become Cro-Magnon man. § The color Black acts as a protector of the organism which originates on the equator. Human life originated on the equator in Africa over 5.5 million years ago. § If humanity born on the equator had not been Black (protected by black pigmentation, i.e. melanin) it would not have survived the ultraviolet sun rays. Race is simply a matter of climate. § As a result Black human beings moving into Europe during an ice age had to go through a biological process of adaptation in order to fit themselves to live in their new frigid environment. § It was so cold in Europe that it was not possible to live on the open ground, it was necessary. § It was possible to live on the open ground, it was necessary to live in caves. § It was, therefore, impossible to create a kind of civilization that we know was created in Africa, under these living conditions, it was simply impossible to create a kind of civilization.
43,000	Swaziland, Africans, using stone tools extract hematite (ferrous oxide) from the worlds oldest mine, in an iron-one mountain, for it reddish pigment. The use of hematite, ground into a powder for its red ochre pigment in art, body decoration and ceremony, is carried into Europe, Asia, Australia and the Americas.
40,000	A warmer, moister climate changes savanna into woodland, causing a reduction in larger game animals in the Zimbabwe-Zambia region.  Here the Africans, in adjusting to hunting smaller animals, develop an innovative stone industry of tiny blades and barbs for arrows and darts; they also make traps and snares.
35,000-20,000	Humans originated in one place.  Africa.  They were all Black.  They became different, superficially, as they passed on to other parts of the globe.   § These Black homo sapiens sapiens invariably left Africa in the process of hunting for food. They dispersed in an irregular manner, with this irregular distribution depending essentially on the diversity of geographical, climatic and variant ecological conditions. § These factors are responsible for the random distributions of food stuffs, fiber, and sites most favorable for demographic group population evolutions. § Consequently, as hominids traveled into various parts of the world most of their external phenotypic features changed due to changes in geography, climate, terrain, diet and the necessary adaptations within the human species. § Originating on or around the equator, black-skinned Grimaldi (HH), in a process of migration to Europe, isolation due to the onset of the final Wurmian Ice Age and the resulting biological adaptations in the form of mutation became Cro-Magnon (HH), and Chancelade (HH) between 40,000bp to 15,000bp. § Mutations entail changes in any traits of the phenotype and determine the entire range of variation in living organisms in combination and recombination as well as the heterogeneity of natural populations. The primary cause of changes in population genotype composition are: natural selection, mutation processes, population fluctuations, and isolation. Mutation, population fluctuation, and isolation affect the genotypic composition of populations in a nondirectional and random fashion. Natural selection is the only directional evolutionary factory.[12] Specifically, (1) the narrowing of the nostrils, nasal cavities, and lips; (2) contraction of protruding jaws; (3) detanglation of hair, and (4) the depigmentation of the skin, hair and the pupils of the eyes, are necessary phenotypic adaptations to an Ice Age environment over thousands of years of isolated reproductive physiological modifications.[13]  In the transition from Grimaldian (Black) to Cro Magnon (White) to Chancelade (Yellow and Red) to variant differentiation, each new unit remained homo sapiens sapiens but changed its skin, nose, hair, jaw, eye and other morphological appearances as necessary adaptation to different geography, climate and vegetation. African Gimaldians gradually drifted out of Africa into Europe, and thought gene mutation, genetic drift, natural selection, hybridization or population mixing became white, Cro Magnon.  The mutation produced albinos.  The word albino comes from the Latin language albus, alba, meaning white.   In short, racial differentiation is caused by radiation changes; it resulted from climatic changes.  Blacks, trapped in Europe during an Ice Age, had to adapt gradually to cold climates in order to survive.   Dark skin became a disadvantage in Ice Age Europe.  Light skin became an advantage in cold, dark, cloudy areas with low insulation because it facilitates the human body's synthesis of Vitamin D, in the process reducing the occurrence of rickets, and other bone diseases Whites came from Blacks. The yellow, or Chancelade homo sapien sapien arose from a mixture of Black and white on the Asian continent. Internally, as human beings evolved in the labor process which was necessary to provide themselves with food, clothing, protection, and shelter they used more of their brains thus creating more expanded and more advanced thinking abilities.  As a direct result, the human species, homo sapien sapiens, like their ancestor species AA, HH, HE, and HSN before them was able to create new and better ways of doing things.  Again, humans in Africa led the way, initially. In sum as humans migrated to vastly different parts of the world, many phonetic, or external changes took place in their outer appearance resulting from changes in  climate, radiation, vegetation, topography, and geography.  The Black race therefore is the original human race and was alone in the world until about 40,000 years ago. § 30,000 years ago § Modern humans enter North America via the Bering land bridge and move south. § 18,000 years ago § Peak of last glaciations § 10,000 years ago § Continued rifting in East Africa indicates future sea floor spreading zone § 10,000 years ago § Homo sapiens sapiens reaches every continent except Antarctica, and is the only surviving hominid	Mutations of African HSS into Cromagnon HSS (European)
28,000	Africans develop a mine in present-day Zambia, extracting the black manganese ore, to use as pigment, body decoration and other purposes.
20,000-17,000	From southern to northern Africa (with the exception of the dense rainforests), late Stone  Age African industries are producing "backed blades" that fit into the groove of wooden shafts or handles (knives, razors, chisels, scrapers, spears.
20,000	The Ishango Bone is the earliest known mathematical tool on Earth.  This carves bone instrument, with a piece of quartz fixed in a cavity at the top end, is probably calendrical based on astronomical lunar periods.  It is used in an African community on the shore of Lake Rutanzige (Lake Edward), one of the sources of the Nile.	Mutations of African HSS into Chancelade HSS (Asian)
20,000-12,000	The climate of Africa gradually becomes arid: savannahs turn to deserts, woodlands diminish, and reduced equatorial rainforests are now penetrated by African.
18,000-16,000	Humanity that was born in the Kenya region of Africa descended down the Nile Valley to create the first African Civilization.  § Human life was originated at the source of the Nile in the central African region of the great lakes. § Following the Nile River from its interior source in equatorial Africa, Africans moved down the Nile to create what later became the KMTic civilization. § In the Nile Valley region between KMT (KMT (Egypt)) and Nubia, Africans are the first to systematically cultivate cereal grains, the beginning of agricultural sciences. § They invent stone sickles for clearing under growth and reaping wild grains, stone weights for digging sticks and grinding stones for roots, seeds, etc.

^[1]John Gribbin, Genesis: The Origin of Man and the Universe, Dell Publishing Company: New York, pp. 107-188.

^[2]Ibid., pp. 188-219.

^[3]A basic discussion of this complete process is outlined in Leakey, Richard, and Roger Lewin.  Origins.  London: Macdonald & Jane's, 1977.

^[4]These conclusions are deduced from Cheikh Anta Diop, Civilisation ou Barbarie: Anthropologie Sans Complaisance. Presence Africaine: Paris, 1981, pp. 10-138.  This advanced contribution to the sciences and humanities, which is of course written in French is this year being published in English.

^[5]Culture, or the distinct evolutionary way of doing things for a specific population is but the mere phenotype of a society with its genotype being its mode of production.

^[6]See Richard Leakey, People of the Lake, Garden City: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1978, pp. 200-217.

^[7]Cheikh Anta Diop, Civilisation ou Barbarie: Anthropologie Sans Complaisance, 1981, pp. 20-36.

^[8]See G.A. Alexander, and U.K. Henschke, Advanced Skin Cancer in Tanzanian Albinos, Journal of the National Medical Association, 1981, Vol. 73, No. 11, pp. 1047-54.

^[9]See J. McGinnis and P. Proctor, The Importance of the Fact that Melanin is Black, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1973, vol 39, 677-678.

^[10]Ibid., pp. 39-52.

^[11]G.A. Alexander, and U.K. Henschke, 1981, op. cit., pp. 1049-1053.

^[12]See J.C. Watson, Recombinant DNA: A Short Course, New York: W. H. Freeman, 1984, pp. 178-219.

^[13]See P. W. Post, et al, Cold Injury and the Evolution of "white" Skin, Human Biology, 1975, Vol. 47, pp. 65-80.