Fundamentals: Methods for Studying Society (Case of United States)

SUMMARY OF FUNDAMENTALS:

EARLY TO MATURE CAPITALIST DEVELOPMENT

IN THE UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA

 

Our scientific method of sociology consists in regarding society as a living organism, complete with land, population, technology, economy. social system, political system, cultural system in a constant state of development [and not as something mechanically concatenated and therefore permitting any arbitrary combination of individual social elements], the study of which requires an objective analysis the relations of production that constitute the given social formation and an investigation of its laws of functioning as to drive development.


The basic idea that the development of the economic formation of society is a process of natural history cuts the ground from under the childish morality which lays claim to the title of sociology, economics, political science, and social studies.  We do not think that there are abstract laws of social development.  People make history.  But they make their history under specific conditions bequeathed them by the history of others before them.  Just as human life is a process, a society's life is also a process.  It has a period of birth, growth, development, maturation, decline, decay, degeneration, death, and rebirth in a higher or lower form. 


We arrive at this basic idea by selecting from the various spheres of social life the economic and technological sector merged with a population's social psychology founded on its culture:


  1. In the past, as sociologists made their theories from their heads as opposed to from a summary of the reality unfolding before them they could not to descend to such simple and primary relations as the relations of production, the sociologists proceeded directly to investigate and study the political and legal forms.
  2. They stumbled on the facts that these forms arise out of certain abstract ideas which they had difficulty establishing importance to.  They had  difficulty indistinguishing in the complex network of social phenomena which phenomena were important and which unimportant (that is the root of subjectivism is sociology) and had been unable to discover any objective criterion for such a distinction.
  3. Each society is different, each society is at a different stage of development, each society has its own technology, economy, social system, political system, moral system, educational system, social system, etc.  This is called culture. 
  4. As long as metaphysical sociologists confined themselves to ideological social relations (i.e., such as, before taking shape, pass through man's consciousness-of "social relations" and no others) they were unable to observe repetition and order in the social phenomena of the various nations, and their science was at best only a description of these phenomena, a collection of raw material.
  5. The analysis of material social relations (i.e., take shape without passing through man's consciousness; when exchanging products men enter into relations of production without even realizing the social relations of production are involved in the act) made it at once possible to observe repetition and order and to generalize the systems of the various countries so as to arrive at the single fundamental concept: "formation of society."

Historically, fundamental technology advances and their use in the production of life necessities are at the basis of economic, political and social change.  


Society is a system.  A system is a combination of parts forming a complex whole.  The foundation of society is made up of two basic interdependent parts of what we call the economy. One side is the way we produce and the other side is the way that production is distributed. The production process is industrial, not necessarily capitalist or socialist. An "ism" in this sense is a political term. A system of production is called capitalism because the capital (the means of production) are privately owned. An industrial economy is the combination of human labor and power driven machinery. Its political shell can be socialist or capitalist.


When we move to the other side of the system, the way things are distributed, the "ism" becomes of decisive importance. In capitalism, everything is a system of buying and selling. The workers sell their ability to work, their labor power, and buy the commodities that are necessary to live. The capitalist buys this ability to work, the labor power, the nerve and muscle and energy that, once put in motion, becomes work, and sells the commodities that work produces. So long as everyone participates in this buying and selling, the system works. It works unfairly and unevenly, but it works. Like the machine, when something is extracted, or something foreign is added, it will no longer work.


Technology is what humans use in the process of production to produce a good or service. A class/race/culture/gender is organized around a particular stage of technological development according to the nature of their relationship with that technology-as owners or non-owners.  In industrial production, there is a class that owns the industrial technology and buildings that house it, as well as a class that uses it in the workplace.  Similarly, the computerized technology (including computer automated) produced a class of owners and workers. The class of owners both inherits and coordinates a political/governmental apparatus that preserves their position as owners and creates policy agencies, both domestically and abroad.  Land, technology, economy, political system, and social system as a whole equal a society. 



Case Summary of the United States (Period of Birth and Development)

 

All societies are born, develop, die, and then are reborn in a higher society.  Whites recovered from their feudal dark age at the expense of Africa and the nonwhite world.  Dying feudal societies regress back into slave societies before they advance into capitalist societies, therefore whites were enslaving each other in Europe for hundreds of years before they turned to the west coast of Africa.  This regression period, this period of mass enslavement, can be exported, and was exported as the whites: (1) seized over 25,400,000 square miles of nonwhite land around the world, some 44% of the land surface of the earth, (2) enslaved over 200,000,000 Africans, and (3) arm-robbing nonwhites of trillions of dollars of mineral resources around the world.  The white industrial revolution, capitalism, and socialism were built on these elements. 


The United States was colonized by trading companies. Some of these companies were given grants of land equal in size to entire states. They were entirely commercial enterprises.  There was never any feudalism in the U.S.  There were, however, economic formations that were feudal-like. The indentured servitude system and slavery were hybrid in this respect. Hybrid because the slaves were slaves but the masters were capitalists. This relationship, fundamental to the history of the country, distorted everything America proclaimed it stood for.  The Northern states, manufacturing the necessities for the slave system, grew as an appendage to the South. As the U.S. grew, the North entered into an economic revolution, from manufacturing to industry. This happened only in the North. In Europe, the shift to industry caused great dislocations and tremendous struggle between the towns (the bourgeoisie) and the countryside (the feudalists).


A major part of this dislocation was caused by the outflow of serfs into the towns. In America, all this was avoided by importing the industrial workers from Europe. The native-born Americans were family farmers and stayed as such for another century. The economic and social revolution in the North proceeded quite smoothly without any major social upheavals. This peaceful transition from pre-industrial to industrial formations has no parallel.  The development of giant industrial enterprises and a new concentration of money did call into question the political dictatorship of the agricultural South. Industry, more productive than manufacture, caused the North to break its economic dependence upon and come into political contradiction with the South. 


By the mid-1750's, what became called the United States was a transplant of the white race which carried the embryo of an all white capitalist class, industrial machinery, home market, super structural institutions, language, culture, religion, law, weapons, etc.  By the early 1800's, only one-fifth of one percent of America's population---150,000 out of over 18,000,000 people---was indigenous.  While exterminating nonwhite populations around the world, the white population multiplied. 


In the 450 years to the 1950's, whites had gang raped, bred, and sexed there way to a thirteen-fold increase their population to 900,000,000 while the rest of the world population growth was stunted.  In five centuries, whites had increased their territory from Europe's 4,000,000 square miles of land to 37 million square miles, from 7% to 63% of the total land on earth.  Nonstop, for five centuries, the most macabre holocaust the planet has ever witnessed tore across two continents like a fire storm, consuming whole civilizations and hundreds of millions of nonwhites in its path until it finally ran its course.  It leveled off in the western hemisphere, at last, because almost no Chechimecans were left to kill.  The white race had murdered its way to complete hemispheric control. 


After methodically wiping the land clear of the indigenous Chechimecan inhabitants---from 15th century Hispaniola to 16th century Central America and South America to 17th century New England to 18th century South Carolina and Georgia to 19th century California---these whites harnessed a kidnapped African labor force in the Southern states and proceeded to build a capitalist society in the Northern states of what became called the United States.  All profitable exchange and commerce between the two systems was based on African slave produced goods and raw materials in the south and refined manufactured products in the north. 


Economic exchange increased thus forming a strong political bond, after breaking ties with England in 1776. Between 1720 and 1791, the North and South economic systems grew as a result of profitable African slave production to the extent that they were able to break ties with the English motherland.  War was organized. The Declaration of Independence was written. Feudalist England and the King George while millions of Africans and Chechimecans are forced into slavery and are being worked to death each day. Cries of justice freedom, equality, and liberty for all men meant all white property-owning capitalists and slave owners. 


From 1776 to 1791, whites in the 13 colonies declared their independence, win their war of liberation, establish strong political bonds, set up their government, establish their bill of rights, and prepared to fasten slavery on the backs of the African race for another 100 years. 


In breaking free from England America then seized the right to expand across the Appalachian territory avoid surtaxes from England especially on enslaved African produced commodities, and take complete control of their monetary system.  The new American government negotiated the terms of victory, developed their constitution or founding document, established a federated system with articles of federation and a bill of rights for whites in general and ruling class and middle class whites in particular.  One class, sex, race, generation, and culture in their own image and interest however set up this form of government.  In these fundamental founding documents, nonwhites had no rights.


Feudalism to Capitalism


What was the Revolutionary War of 1776, i.e., intercontinental war between whites who had invaded North America and settled, and whites who were still in England.  For all the ink wasted on chronicling the last 500 years of wars between whites over North America, their essence could have been summarized as one in which whites took turns stealing wealth from subject populations, and, at times, went to war with each other to determine which white nation monopolized that privilege.[1]  This is all the Revolutionary War of 1776 amounted to: whites fighting each other over something that they had stolen from someone else.


Slavery and feudalism were coming to an end around the world.  Capitalism, driven by industrialization and wage labor was replacing them.  This was an inevitable process of social development.  Western Europe was merely the initial staging ground for this social eclipse because the huge profits from the enslavement of Africans allowed these white nations to invest in advanced industrial technology and therefore finance the Industrial Revolution.  After the American outbreak, there were insurrections in Corsica (1755, 1793), Geneva (1768), South East Russia (1773), Dutch Netherlands (1784), 1787 Austrian Netherlands (1787), France (1789), Liege (1789), Hungary (1790), Poland (1791), Sardinia (1793), Ireland (1798), Serbia (1804), Spain (1808), Tyrol (1809), Spanish America (1810), Spain (1823), France (1830), Poland (1831), Germany (1848), France (1848), Italy (1848).[2][3]  In Russia, feudalism dominated from the 9th to the beginning of the 20th century.  With peasant reform in 1861 and the abolition of serfdom, its survivals, such as czarist autocracy and feudal landownership, remained in tact until 1917.  Russia (1917), and China (1949) were transitions from feudalism to socialism. 


What, then, was the main content of this epoch which dated from 1721 to 1900?  The main content of this time period was the transition from manual labor to mechanical labor, as a result the classes which reflected this objective material transformation had also to become revolutionized.  Thus, this moment was expressed politically in the transition from feudalist autocracy to capitalist democracy.  Economically this period was expressed in the transition from feudalism to capitalism.  The fight for white liberty and equality meant the fight for the ability to buy and sell commodities (produced by enslaved Africans) in open markets. 


Whites were fighting each other for the liberty of conquering defenseless nonwhites.  The white struggle for freedom was a struggle for free trade between whites, reduced tax restrictions and the ability to establish free capitalist institutions that the capitalist would establish and control.  These white were fighting for the freedom to directly benefit from the profits made in intercontinental armed robbery, massive continental enslavement of Africans, and theft of millions of square miles of land. Below are dates to remember as to establish a chronology for the processes that unfolded by 1776.


[1]In 1800, the Europeans and the North Americans between them dominated 35 percent of the world's land surface, and by 1914 they controlled 84 percent.  The key to this extraordinary extension of white imperialism was industrial power. Following the first stage of the industrial revolution, after the period of primitive accumulation of capital, a steady stream of pirates, slavers, explorers, missionaries, traders, mercenaries, bankers, merchants, and administers were exported from Europe to all parts of the globe.  They had one primary goal: to take from the invaded, subjugated host populations whatever military force, and cunning would allow them. See Geoffrey Parker, The World, New York: Harper & Row, 1986, p. 391.

[2]Even today, the crisis in the world centers around the revolts in the "servant's" quarters in places where wealth has been concentrated on the one hand and poverty on the other.  Whether in socialist or capitalist social formations, the crisis (controlling for degrees) is essentially the same: a economy is coming to an end and the means of distributing and circulating the necessities of life is fast becoming obsolete. The 19th century was the century of the capitalist political revolution, the capitalist economy and the capitalist class based on the Industrial Revolution; the 21st century will be the century of revolutions based on a economy which negates manual and mechanical production, money, exchange value, and classes.

[3]See E. J. Hobsbawm, The Age of Revolution, 1789-1848, Mentor Books: New York, 1962.




Whereas societies develop communal, slave, feudal, capitalist and socialist forms based on revolutions in their technologies, others can be transplanted to another geographical location. 


The social ingredients for the modern capitalist society was transplanted, imported, on to what Europeans called the North American continent. 


  1. The white killed the indigenous peoples, took their land and kidnapped Africans to be worked to death build white nations. Indentured servants were initially white, then Black, then transfromed completely to Black chattel slavery.
  2. White invaders/settlers attempted to enslave Indians, but this failed because they died due to exposure to European diseases and inhumane conditions.
  3. What were the origins of slavery? What accounts for the unprecedented brutality and pathological hatreds that arose from it? Slavery arose as a labor system because there was no other reliable source of labor. It arose first as a system of indentured servitude and matured as a racially justified system of chattel slavery.
  4. So, how did they set up this slave relationship? They organized themselves and used superior force and violence to beat a group of people into submission, taking their land, labor, and possessions.
  5. Then they had the problem of making the enslaved remain enslaved. They started off by making laws about what a slave must and can't do. Then they armed a group of men/murders to enforce those "laws" with brute force, maiming, mutilation, massacres, rape, burnings, looting, and lynching.
  6. They set up whipping posts, ropes hung from trees, tied horses to us whipped them in different direction and tore us apart.
  7. They taught the enslaved that god, allah, and jehovah said that the enslaved must obey their masters and get rewarded in heaven.  This religious mess is created by the whites, jews and arabs.  They maintained ignorance by keeping the enslaved from being able to read and write, replacing science with myth and gossip, schools with churches and mosques, libraries with prisons, learning with liquor stores.
  8. These destroyers created institutions and a culture to stabilize their society so that the enslaved will remain enslaved and they will remain the masters.


These laws and institutions are called the superstructure which includes legally created health care, education, governmental, recreational, religious, cultural, criminal justice, sport, and others. This superstructure reflects, protects, organizes and strengthens the base.  We summarize here what you should already know:


North/South Economic Formation (1619-1700) -


Between 1619 and 1700 what became the United States of America had two economic system operating on one continental land mass: (slavery) agricultural manual production in the south based on enslaved African labor, and (capitalism) industrial mechanical production in the north based on white wage labor while new lands were still being seized and settled in the west.

  • 1. Essentially, two antithetical, parasitic, maturing, white economies co-existed in a unified category: agricultural slavery based on the consumption of enslaved Africans on large plantations in the South; and expanding industrial capitalism and yeoman farming families in the North.
  • 2. Each temporarily needed the other for survival. Slavery and capitalism were two polar opposites of the same unity that formed in the northeastern and southeastern aspects of North America.
  • 3. They were two antithetical offspring of British feudalism, which, while in decay, had mass transported its nascent new and its moribund old, its revolutionary and its reactionary, it's new and it's old, its future and its past around the world.
  • 4. One economy was transplanted in the North. One was transplanted in the South.
  • 5. Exclusively parasitic classes of white men headed both economies. Both economies exclusively benefited the white race. Both routinely murdered, butchered, raped and worked to death-enslaved nonwhites.

System of Economic development based on African labor and stolen Chechimecan lands brought massive enslavement of Africans to produce goods in the southern economy. The indentured slaves failed because slave labor was more profitable. The servants teamed with landowners to steal land from the Indians.


Formation of Transitional Capitalist\Slave Society (1700-1750):


The level of productive forces determines what forms of property are possible. Forms of property legalize the relationship between people. Communal property creates one relationship, private property another. The form of property is a political question and is resolved by struggle between various groups.


A wooden plow and a hoe used in agricultural production require energy from someone/something pulling the plow and someone guiding it while sprinkling seed into the freshly plowed soil.  Plows made slavery or serfdom possible but not inevitable. Slavery and serfdom is a political form for production; if the Black could have stopped the whites they would not have been enslaved.  If the Chechimecans could have stopped the whites they would still have their 3.9 million square miles of North American land and would be modernizing their civilization along the lines of the advances in the Aztec and Inca civilizations.  Neither could not, and so both lost everything.  The Black populations of the world were captured/kidnapped and worked to death building economic systems and civilization for whites and Arabs and the native Chechimecans were exterminated/herded onto reservations as the whites seized almost all of their lands.


Political relations are resolved in their final form by force.  Force of arms is first martial then military.  Military force is organized by armies directed at the art of war.  War is organized by a class or classes within a society.  Those classes have the technological wherewithal to transform productive forces into destructive weapons.  Such productive relations are generally formed as the result of force. Once a form of property (private, communal etc.) has been established, a complex structure of laws, courts, prisons, schools, and other institutions are formed to protect, justify and maintain that form of property.


Blacks, hundreds of millions of them, were forced to produce the profitable commodities for the white economy: cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, indigo, etc. The goods were transferred to the northern colonies and then exported to England. Wealth from exports was concentrated in the North initially. Capitalism developed in the North as a industrial factory-based semi-finished product creating series of textile industries.  The northern economy grew, the population exploded then moved westward and the southern economy (without a homemarket to sell what the enslaved Africans produced) began to shrink without the wealth from domestic sales and the exports. Not only does every unity contain within itself polar opposites but also these internal opposites are mutually connected to each other. 


One aspect of a contradiction cannot exist without the other. Essentially, then, Africans built the economic foundation of the United States on the 3,678,896 square miles of stolen land occupying latitude 24'N to 49'W, and longitude 67'W to 124'W east by the Atlantic Ocean, and west by the Pacific Ocean.  


  1. All profitable exchange and commerce between the two systems was based on African slave produced goods and raw materials in the south and refined manufactured products in the north. 
  2. Those manufactured products were then transported to the South went to the slave master. 
  3. Africans received no compensation. 
  4. These systems were for the 100 percent benefit of the white race.
  5. Around this enslaved African nucleus grew entire white towns, cities, standard metropolitan units, production regions, states, nations, multinational market networks---an entire (presently merging), white capitalist and socialist world economy. 

It was not until the end of the Civil War in 1865 that one of the economic systems, slavery, was abolished and the entire nation was organized around capitalist industrial production and the capitalist economic system.  


Transplanted White British American Colonies Broke From England And The Revolutionary War Was Fought Over Stolen Land, Enslaved Africans, And Representative Government (1750-1775):


Assume particular stages of development in production, distribution exchange and consumption and you will have a corresponding social system, a corresponding organization of the family, of social classes, and a sex hierarchy---in a word, a corresponding civil society.  Around any such mechanical means of production grows metal machines, waterpower, steam power, mills, factories, and production regions. 


On the next layer, hundreds of thousands and even millions of white wage laborers are organized around the mechanized production apparatus.  They become the white homemarket necessary to circulate the commodities within the economy.  With the organization of white laboring populations, urbanization, i.e., and the development of towns, cities, and even metropolitan centers ultimately follows.  


Next, mechanized means of production are applied to the various spheres of industrial commodity production in the society, i.e., production, distribution, exchange, consumption, and reproduction.  In each sphere, there are industries whose function is to produce commodities, which will be sold back to workers in all spheres at a profit.  This makes up the economic basis of the society, its domestic homemarket.  African workers were confined to the South in degenerate segregated conditions. 


Indigenous peoples were imprisoned on reservations (concentration camps) in the Midwest.  In the United States and in the world as a whole, the white capitalist economic system was the heart of white supremacy because it was designed by whites, in the image of whites, in the interests of whites, and for the primary benefit of whites.    It systematically raised the white race above nonwhites in income, living standards, education, opportunity, health care, nutrition, legal assistance, transportation, housing, etc.  The educational system evolved out of this economic reality and was designed by whites to support the system of white supremacy. 


The legal and military systems were designed by whites to defend the system of white supremacy.  The political system legitimized white male capitalist rule.  The cultural system was fraudulently designed to define whites as innately superior to nonwhites.   Whites were raised to the top and Africans were fastened to the bottom.


  1. Economic exchange increased thus forming a strong political bond, after breaking ties with England in 1776. Between 1720 and 1791, the North and South economic systems grew as a result of profitable African slave production to the extent that they were able to break ties with the English motherland. 
  2. War was organized. The Declaration of Independence was written. Feudalist England and the King George while millions of Africans and Chechimecans are forced into slavery and are being worked to death each day. Cries of justice freedom, equality, and liberty for all men meant all white property-owning capitalists and slave owners. 
  3. Independence declared
  4. Weapons were bought from other white allies.
  5. Capitalist central committee headed by George Washington organized war.
  6. Global conditions were good for victory.
  7. British American colonies seized the opportunity.

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U.S. Capitalist Form of Government is Established (1776-1791):


From 1776 to 1791, whites in the 13 colonies declared their independence, win their war of liberation, establish strong political bonds, set up their government, establish their bill of rights, and prepared to fasten slavery on the backs of the African race for another 100 years. 


In breaking free from England America then seized the right to expand across the Appalachian territory avoid surtaxes from England especially on enslaved African produced commodities, and take complete control of their monetary system. 


The new American government negotiated the terms of victory, developed their constitution or founding document, established a federated system with articles of federation and a bill of rights for whites in general and ruling class and middle class whites in particular. 


One class, sex, race, generation, and culture in their own image and interest however set up this form of government.  In these fundamental founding documents, nonwhites had no rights.


  1. Capitalist white men who owned slaves wrote the Constitution.
  2. The nation was built on the constitutionally defined inferiority of Africans, Chechimecans, and women.
  3. An intense period building with an agreement between the two economies (slavery in the South and capitalism in the North) was established.
  4. The Federal Constitution served as models of state constitutions.

Slave Labor Brings Great Wealth To The Colonies: (1791-1820)


The two economies grow wealthy under one agreed upon political structure with African slavery being the primary means for white economic wealth, while theft of Indian lands is the basis for everything else.


Millions of Africans were worked to death each year pulling plows, digging mines, draining swamps, building bridges, and roads, planting and harvesting, cutting weeds, building homes, cooking, cleaning, tending cattle and other things. Africans literally built the economic infrastructure of the United States in its infancy. 


What were the origins of slavery? What accounts for the unprecedented brutality and pathological hatreds that arose from it?


  1. Slavery arose as a labor system because there was no other reliable source of labor and the Black populations could not stop the whites from enslaving them.
  2. It developed first as a system of indentured servitude and matured as a racially justified system of chattel slavery fastened exclusively to Black populations by degenerate whites.
  3. Slavery and the capturing/kidnapping and selling of enslaved Africans became not only the foundation of the economy of the US, it was the foundation upon which arose Europe's capitalist system and the Arab feudal system.
  4. Its great economic surpluses, its gold and silver surpluses, large well fed white populations, its naval and shipping fleets, its universities, its Christian religion/churches and industry was directly connected to the maintenance and expansion of slavery.
  5. The slave system in the United States matured into a hybrid economic system.

The enslaved Black populations were reduced to living standards lower than common field animals by these brute white animals. Their masters were capitalist seeking only a profits and rape at the end of the day. 


Because of slavery, the United States and all its institutions developed centered on slavery. The Constitution, the State Governments, Presidency, the Supreme Court and Congress were directly run from the south and with the control being in the hands of slave owning brutes. As a result, these institutions defended and organized slavery as a political, economic, cultural, social, and racial system of producing profits for white capitalists in particular and the white nation in general.


The arm, navy, police, sheriff, posse, state militia, the police patrols, the courts to the church had but one primary objective---keep the Blacks enslaved and work them to death for profits.  Breed them, sell them, ship them, beat them, rape them---but keep them working producing cash crops.  These murderous whites for the most part were in singular unity around the preservation of slavery fastened to Black people. 


As a result, initially the North developed as a manufacturing and shipping appendage that moved/transported what the enslaved Africans produced:  the north was one big shipping company and Massachusetts was grand central station.  For centuries, the north was an adjunct---shipping kidnapped black people and the goods they produced.  As long as it matured in this capacity, it defended slavery as much or more than the south. Study this carefully: the free blacks (who were usually helping to maintain slavery) in the South had more token rights than the free black in the North.


Massachusetts became wealthy because it transported kidnapped populations in the millions and the products that they were worked to death producing.  That state was one big pirate shipping company for centuries.  Massachusetts built the ships, packed the commodities the Blacks produced, sailed to Africa and Europe, captured/dragged the blacks onboard to be packed, and carried on the holocaust commerce.  Now it claims to be the center of democracy.


Summary of Method


Since every philosophy, theory, or method has its own material foundation in history, no matter how metaphysical the disguise in which they often masquerade, a truly liberating criticism has always involved improving the material conditions, which are at the very foundation of the social groups and the thoughts that they think. 


The new progressive humanist theories of the future will succeed not merely because they represents objective reality, are interculturally uplifting, morally sound, driven by justice, unrelenting in will, centered in historical intercultural values of mutual respect and commitment to human excellence, but also because they serve the needs of humanity and the social conditions which produce those needs.  


Liberating social philosophy, theory, and method becomes realized in a people only in so far as it is the realization of their real life needs.  In any society in which race, sex-sex/gender, class, and generation divisions give rise to conflicting needs, values, cultural forms and ideas, each race, sex-sex/gender, class, and generation sets itself up as a representative of the common interests of the entire society.  The ruling, race, sex/gender, class, culture and generation officially define what it means to be an American. 


Therefore, each race, sex-sex/gender, class, generation develops a worldview and ideology, which it holds to be universally true and around which it seeks to impose as the view of the entire society.  Usually, the group with the force---the military, political, psychological, and intellectual might---rules.  Those who have power influence the gradual flow of history: they write the books, they make the videos, and they finance mass media versions of the reality as they see it. 


From this class, race, gender/sex, culture, and generation assessment it becomes clear that the claim of African-centeredness is not enough---it is the view of a specific social group, which ultimately means nothing scientifically.   Each class has a view; each ethnic group has a view; each sex/gender has a view; each generation has a view; each culture has a view.   Possessing and being able to articulate historical or cultural information are not enough.  Debating intelligence is not enough. 


The question is: What historical legacy and class, gender/sex, race, culture, and generation worldview does the idea represent?  If not scientific, it is not replicable, and thus merely an ideologically abstract means to a speculative end.   Therefore, scientific research, using the most advanced and bias free techniques known to human kind, must be completed and partisan political, cultural, racial, sex/gender, and generation positions must be taken.  Next, concrete programs of action must be organized, implemented, tested, and practiced.


Since the formation of humanity over 5.5 million years ago, and the subsequent development of settled class societies with sex/gender, class, cultural, ethnic, and generational divisions of labor, human societies have revolved around the production, distribution, exchange, consumption, and reproduction of the necessities of life and the power, which those possessions allowed.  Humans are continually improving the quality of the tools they use in earning their living.  The possession of the new productive technologies and the invention of the new methods give a natural advantage over those who still live by the old means.  The ethnicity, class, sex, or generation, which has control of the new forces of production, has power, economic/technological power, and a power, however, which is hampered by the cultural, traditional, political, and legal property relations which express the earlier forms of material production.  

  • 1. People organize themselves around the production and distribution of the necessities of life. We call such social organization a society. The type of societies they form and develop ultimately reflect the level of the development of tools at any particular time. The rudimentary bow and spear was the foundation of the hunting and gathering society.
  • 2. Such elementary tools did not allow for the development of economic classes. Such classes cannot develop unless there is a surplus of food and other necessaries. As the means of production improved and such surpluses were created, different groups related to tools in different ways. Some owned tools and did no work. Some owned tools and worked with them.
  • 3. The majority owned no tools and had to work with tools belonging to others. The first and most fundamental of divisions in society was along these lines. Consequently, modern societies are made up of economic classes of people. Throughout history there has been a working class which held different names such as slave or serf or worker.
  • 4. Since the destruction of primitive communism, there has always been a ruling class. The name or designation of that ruling class has always been closely associated with the means of production. For example, the bow and arrow is associated with a chief. The ox and wooden plow and the sword is associated with the nobility.
  • 5. Manufacturing and industrial means are associated with a bourgeoisie. It is also clear that the specific designation of the working class in any particular time is even more tightly associated with the means of production. For example, a plow creates a class of plowman, a machine creates a class of operators or mechanics.
  • 6. There are sub groups within the working class that are even more tightly tied to the means of production. In some parts of Europe their occupation became their family name such as Bowman, Mason or Hunter.
  • 7. Class struggle is political. It is the life and death fight to overthrow a social system and create a new one.
  • 8. There were two basic classes in history that propelled history forward. One was the class that owned the means of production and the other was the class that toiled at these means of production. The struggle was over control of these means of production. Contradictions internal to the system forced a political struggle between the classes that ended in revolution.

Without an accurate, organized, holistic summation of the history of the process, then the history of the ideas documenting the process (i.e., the logical summation or the theory) can be inaccurate and even groundless.  To reduce theory and method to a list of examples, criticisms, definitions, concepts, and analogies is to reject the principle of objectivity and resort to speculative, eclecticism, and subjectivity


This way of thinking is based on eternal unalterable concepts and formulas regardless of the new data of practice and science and the specific conditions, ignoring the processes own unique creative development.   This is not proper research because isolated facts selectively presented as variables and torn out of context are merely subjective constructs for mental juggling. 


Reducing objective social processes to arbitrary patchworks of culturally, racially, class, and sex/gender biased variables and testing them in an abstracted imaginary context may be published in mainstream presses, but such publications maybe of no objectively scientific value, because each fact, each conceptualization, each variable, each analogy, each example grows out of some historically evolved concrete situation that must be summarized in its entirety if one is to bring to life---mentally reflect/reconstruct---the process in one's mind that is taking place in reality. 


Therefore, a holistic approach to social research problems requires that one extract the process itself and then deduce from it its essence after logically summarizing the unfolding process.  Minor facts, subjectively transformed into variables, arbitrarily selected and tested out of context from the conditions that produced them, are amputated fragments of a total reality---a reality which must be painstakingly taken apart then pieced back together as to ascertain the object's laws of development.  Inferences can be drawn, but conclusions from such studies are never final; not can they be comprehensive in scope and content.

 

Process Applied to US


Scientific researchers must necessarily examine intimately what populations were doing from prehistory, to ancient history, to modern history: What were their environmental conditions? What were their natural resources? What were their basic economic needs and how did they meet them? What were their raw materials; what were their technical capabilities? What stage of development were their societies? What relationships did different sex/genders, ethnic groups, races, classes, generations, and cultures have. In short, what were the real tangible conditions of existence for these people to draw up the real, profane history of men and women in every century and to present in sequence these humans as temporary creators of their own history.


If one traces the material flow of history as opposed to the ideological reflection of that flow, even through the numerous zigzags, one arrives at the actual natural genesis, growth, development, and maturation of the real-life process. In sum, it would be more scientifically accurate and reproducible to follow the material practice in history and sum that up in theory, as opposed to eclectically following subjectively selected ideas, concepts, thoughts, beliefs, opinions and then picking the practices in history that fit the subjective idea. Historical facts, sequentially ordered, logically deduced, organized as successive historical systems of transitory stages of endless development, birth, death, and rebirth are difficult to falsify. Facts are stubborn things.


All societies have a period of birth, development, decline, and regression back into the society that produced it, death and rebirth in the next higher form of society.  The present United States of America went through at least 13 stages of development to reach its present level of maturity.  Africans in the Americas developed within the context of this general societal process.


In 1492 European feudalism was in a stage of decay during its initial period of mass intercontinental invasion, pillage, ad conquest.  This agrarian system had gone through its natural process of birth, development, decline, decay, and regression back into slavery.  Starting in 1492, invading whites destroyed indigenous Chechimecan societies. In the process the lands were cleared of their indigenous populations via massacre, wars, genocide, diseases, being worked to death, mass herding onto reservation.  White populations were then mass transported and transplanted onto North American soil. 


It was during the time of 1619 that slavery was exported around the world and particularly in what became the United States whereby Europeans transported/transplanted their society, culture, and race.  African populations were seized, captured, kidnapped, mass transported, and enslaved for the purpose of being worked to death draining swamps, building bridges and roads, cutting trees and bushes, planting and harvesting food and fiber, clearing debris, building houses, making clothes, cutting weeds, washing, tending cattle, cooking, cleaning, digging, pulling plows, mining mineral resources, sex concubines, shoveling manure, tending to white children, breeding, plowing, etc.  All of this was done for the benefit of white society as a whole and white capitalist and slave owners in particular.


Between 1619 and 1700 the US had two economic system operating on one continental land mass: (slavery) agricultural manual production in the south based on enslaved African labor, and (capitalism) industrial mechanical production in the north based on white wage labor. From 1700 to 1750 there is minimal economic exchange between the system in that more commodities were produced in the south by enslaved African labor and very few refined products were transported back from the north.  What was transported went back to the slave master.  However this exchange increased thus forming a strong political bond, after breaking ties with England in 1776.  It was during the timeframe 1820-1860 that these two antithetical systems grew, developed, geographically interpenetrated, clashed, tried to compromise their differences, but eventually ended up in Civil War.  By 1866, The North and capitalist form of society defeated the South and the slave form of society.  From 1866 to 2000 the entire country went through a period of industrialized reconstruction along capitalist lines continentally implementing significant advances in large scale machine production until reaching a period when computers replace humans in the societal production equation.


That process is reflected in the growth, development, maturation, and emerging degeneration of the US capitalist form of society.  African populations in the Americas emerged within these social, cultural, political, and economic conditions.